Online Social Network Bring More Benefits Than Harm for Teens Essay

Social networking is even used to prove the legitimacy or credibility of the individual. From entertainment, information to career improvement, social networking has practically changed the way people communicate and interact online. But social networks still have to face certain challenges especially on the users’ end since these challenges could harm users and the social network’s reputation. It is important for users of social network to consider these issues that surround the social network. By remembering these challenges, users will be able to protect themselves from negative repercussions on some issues on social network. Privacy as the Main Concern The number one problem users as well as social network administrators face everyday is security. It can happen in any given time with or without the user online. Attacks on different social networking website are always a possibility because the data protected by social networks are too precious to be ignored by attackers. Viruses, spywares and worms that aim to crawl through security protocols of social networks are constantly threatening social networks. Considerable time and resources are always spent by social networks in order to maintain privacy of their users. A single attack could make every user vulnerable to security related problems such as identity theft. Information Access Access to social networking websites varies. Some website will allow any user to access information of persons even though they are not part of the user’s network while some social network prohibit access to any form of information without confirmation from the profile owner. Problems regarding information access could be completely controlled by user but unauthorized access could still happen especially for those who are just starting to understand the rules of different social networks. Updated Notification Every social network provides real time notification usually through email if there are any changes in the user’s profile. But most notifications are very limited and they are usually on the positive things that happened on the social network. For example, when a request to connect is asked, the user will automatically be notified through email or any messaging system the user prefers. But social networks will never inform the user if someone willingly removes their connection. This is done to avoid confrontations between users which significantly affect the relationship. Misuse of Social Networks Unfortunately, there are those who use social network for scams and other illegal purposes. There have been reports around the world that social networks are used to spread rumors, lies or degrading messages that could affect the person’s reputation. â€Å"Cyber bullying† or an act of being hostile to another user online has also been observed in some social networks. This type of actions should never be allowed in any social network. Users have to be careful on the veracity of the data they receive and to take actions as soon as possible as soon as something undesirable is found on social networks. Protection for Children Aside from privacy and misuse of social networks, the vulnerability of minors is also a big problem for all social networks. While some social networks are geared towards adults, most social networks are open to everyone – including minors. Unfortunately, minors on social networks could become targets of sexual predators that can cloak their real identity in different social networks. While some legislators have taken steps in preventing these offenders from using social networks these efforts could be easily curtailed especially when the offender is more than familiar with the internet.

Bewitched Analysis

Evaluating Sitcoms – Bewitched Bewitched is a situation comedy, produced in the year 1964 and set in America. The main characters include Samantha and Darrin Stephens. The program Bewitched conveys the premise to not make assumptions about someone instantly – because there may be more to a person then what meets the eye. The pilot of Bewitched begins with the orientation, establishing the status of the newly wed couple. Darrin is portrayed as the breadwinner of the family, and Samantha is presented as the perfect wife, which fulfils all of the criteria of a typical suburban housewife.The complication is then introduced when Samantha reveals she’s a witch. The complication is followed by a series of events, which begin with an invitation to Shelia’s -Darrin’s ex-fiance- house. At arrival they are both greeted with a warm welcome, but soon things begin to get messy. Shelia starts to belittle Samantha’s appearance, making her uncomfortable and a nnoyed; but to make matters worse Shelia begins to flirt with Darrin whilst occasionally glancing over at Samantha, in order to her to make her feel insignificant and envious.Samantha comes into conflict with herself in whether or not to use magic, but she decides using magic is the only way to go –even after promising Darrin no more witch craft – Samantha uses her magic in order to teach Shelia a well learnt lesson, to keep her hands of her man. The complication is soon resolved with Darrin and Samantha returning home to discuss her behaviour and the use of magic. Darrin becomes upset with Samantha for breaking her promise, but as any wife would do, Samantha almost instantly apologises and tells Darrin she won’t use magic again.The coda is illustrated in the end of the episode, despite Darrin’s request Samantha finishes by saying, â€Å"Maybe I can tamper off,† hence staying true to herself and not letting anyone change who she is. There are aspec ts of this storyline, which are plausible where the audience sees the common character/figure of the seductive ex-fiance/girlfriend. The credibility is generated with the behaviour of Samantha and Shelia.In Shelia wanting to make Samantha jealous and herself the centre of attention the plot is made credible, but the audience is then drawn to feel that the plot is more relatable and convincing with Samantha’s response to the situation, feeling annoyed, envious and angry. The relationship between Darrin and Samantha portrayed in the episode is clearly strong and affectionate. The Bewitched pilot reveals numerous characteristics of both Darrin and Samantha. Darrin is seen as the stereotypical husband, with his strong and demanding personality, which demonstrates that he obtains the authority between the two.However the audience becomes aware of the love and affection Darrin has for his new wife, Samantha. Samantha is also portrayed as a stereotypical housewife, who follows her h usband’s expectations of a Good wife, by cooking, keeping the household clean and being Normal. Bewitched reflects the values of the time, including some now-dated ideas about men and women's roles in society. The main characters, Darrin and Samantha are featured as binary opposite characters in the sense that Samantha is not you would call normal, being a witch.However Darrin is just an ordinary typical man, who happened to fall in love with a not so normal woman. Wanting to use a bit of magic once in awhile and hoping for a one-day normal family, are expectation Darrin and Samantha both have for their relationship, which of course are completely different and contradicting. A situation comedy wouldn’t be one without any humour. Humour is an important component of a sitcom and like expected Bewitched definitely has humour.In this episode there are numerous techniques used to generate a humorous response. This is evident in the use of irony when only minutes before She lia had been commenting on Samantha’s appearance, focusing mainly on her â€Å"Hard-to-manage hair† and haughtily referring back to herself as having â€Å"Not a hair out of place† but ironically Shelia’s wig is ripped off and flies into the strong -magic made- winds, to reveal her very impressive hair, the use of the irony in this scene conveys a very humorous response from the audience.Furthermore the use of the visual scenes with Samantha using magic, creates a sense of humour as the audience witness strange happenings as do the characters, but the audience knows the cause of these strange happenings -magic- whereas the characters in the program seem not to. Hence the audience responds to the confused and perplexed state of the other characters with humour. Thus, the pilot uses numerous techniques in order to receive an entertained and humorous response from the audience.Bewitched is a fantastic example of a situation comedy as it obtains and fulfils a ll of a sit-com’s characteristics and criteria, having an orientation, complication, resolution, coda and most importantly family and humour. Bewitched evidently represents concepts referring to family and family relationships, through the status of the couple where the male figure, Darrin is seen to obtain the authority and the female, Samantha to simply be the perfect housewife.Family relationships are represented through affection, kindliness and compassion. The program exhibits ideas about family values, where without these values there would be no family; a family without forgiveness, honesty, generosity, curiosity, communication and respect isn’t a family at all. Thus the family representation in Bewitched obtains all of these values in order to create the perfect household and television sit-com.

Advice: Times Essay

â€Å"No Michael no more baseball† my mother nagged. She had nagged on about this for the past month and a half. She really didn’t want me to play anymore I guess. But I didn’t listen to her because I felt that I was at my prime. So I played again but this time it was traveling season. So what that meant was we played all over the place. We was going to be champions, the all times greatest! I knew that we were going to make Plainfield proud. But things weren’t going so good when we had our second practice. The coaches had made us run around the whole field 5 times nonstop, so many people had thought about quitting. I had even thought about quitting myself. But I didn’t want to be known as a quitter. So what I did what practiced hard, I did all my laps before everybody until I had a â€Å"CRACK† than I just fell to the ground. At first I thought I had broken my leg until I moved it. I was in shock because I dint know what had happened. When the coach had came by I told him that I broke my knee. Then he said it wasn’t broke because I was able to move it. Then I left practice and went to the hospital The X-ray showed that I had fractured my knee. My mother was in shock but not about me she cared about the bill. Then she told me what she said a month ago about not playing baseball. But she was right, I should have listened to her. If I did maybe I wouldn’t have been in that predicament. Now today I’m left with a huge scar on my knee, two screws, and a limp walk. I mostly regret it because after the accident we went on the Disney cruise and I had to be in a wheel chair the whole time.

Personal Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Change - Essay Example no longer loved my grandmother; instead, it was the result of the fact that she no longer spent so much time watching me due to the fact that I grew up and no longer needed such a high level of care. The ending to the situation came about right after my grandmother had a stroke. It was at this point that she was no longer capable of taking care of herself and required nearly constant care by either a loved one or a professional caretaker. As the situation progressed, I reclused into a type of neutral zone where the feelings, thoughts, and childhood closeness I shared with my grandmother were but a distant memory; although a happy one. Due to the fact that she was just a shell of her former self during this time, it was impossible for me to rebuild the relationship we had once enjoyed during my youth. It was at this point that I made the fateful decision to withdraw myself from her and not spend the time that I would have been happy to spend with her had this occurred during my early youth. Sadly, the new beginning only came after my grandmother had passed away from a second stroke. This new beginning was of course something that I should have realized far sooner but due to my own selfish motives and lack of patience, had not come to grips with yet. Due to my grandmother’s passing, I instantly regretted the fact that I had not made a more concerted effort to be with her during her final years. Although I still loved her deeply, I realized that it was my own selfish nature that had kept us apart and caused me to miss out on the very last chance I would ever have to speak with and spend time with my grandmother. As the old saying goes, â€Å"you never appreciate something until you lose it†. In this way, this new beginning caused me to come to a full and complete appreciation for this as well as purposing within my own mind to not let another such situation occur without me doing all my best to spend the quality time with the loved one prior to the risk of

Creating a Climate of Ethical Behavior at Workplace Research Paper

Creating a Climate of Ethical Behavior at Workplace - Research Paper Example Knowledge sharing practices enable organizational members to share ideas and fully exploit knowledge-based sources. Personal commitment and trust is necessary because they help in knowledge management process. This paper will explore ethics in an organization as well as workplace safety-enhancing behaviors and qualities such as personal commitment and trust. Undoubtedly, ethical behavior significantly contributes to the success of many organizations. An ethical work climate is part of the organization and it is a representation of organizational practices that are viewed as right or wrong. Many individuals believe that an ethical work climate is indispensable for a good business. Notably, organizations striving for excellence and success in their business activities tend to focus on a strong ethical culture. Organizations need to effectively respond to both economic and non-economic surroundings in order to achieve their goals, but this requires members to be socially responsible and behave ethically. Truly, creating a working environment guided by ethics can be a very important move for an organization. In contrast, unethical behaviors negatively influence the organization. For instance, unethical behaviors are more likely to increase the organizations’ liability and financial risk. Secondly, consumers would not be attracted to the products and services of the organization with an unethical climate. More so, an unethical climate negatively affects the workers since it lowers job satisfaction and performance. In most cases, unethical behavior emerges from lack of knowledge and an inability to come up with ethical solutions (Patterson, 1989). Unethical behavior makes individuals become more sensitive to the likelihood of censure and this will in turn motivate them to avoid censure behaviors (Sinha, 1967). Therefore, it is very appropriate to institutionalize an ethical attitude in the organization. This paper provides a thoughtful

International Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

International Law - Essay Example International law is based on expediency between nations and contracts, as in treaties or trade agreements that operate formally on an international level between countries and their citizens mutually. In addition to these types of expedient agreements, there exists also a corpus of idealistic international law that is best represented by international organizations and their membership charters, as well as the declarations of human rights and other specific rights of women, children, and minorities that these constituencies have produced. When asking whether or not international law is really law, the question revolves around the actual legitimacy of the process through which these agreements were created, via legislature or counsel of a minority of representatives from a select group of nations, but more specifically, as to whether any legitimate structures exist that can comply adherence to the standards of international law through enforcement measures. In summary, the main aspec t of the question goes to the heart of enforceability in international law, and whether the sovereignty of the nation-state as it relates to domestic autonomy can ever be overcome by organizations like the UN. As M.W. Janis wrote in Introduction to International Law, â€Å"There is a root problem faced by those who practice international law. The problem is so fundamental that it is often assumed rather than analyzed. It stems from the fact that the world is broken up into tens of independent nation-states, each purporting to provide certain essential human services - e.g. defense-education, law, more or less exclusively to the people living within that state's boundaries. Insofar as a nation-state is thought to alone provide such services, we think of it as sovereign. The nation-state political system and the notion of sovereignty impact on most every aspect of human activity. Look at their effect on the idea of law. Taken to an absolute point, the notion of sovereignty might impl y that the only extant laws were those of nation-states.†1 In simplest terms, the violation of the borders of one nation-state by another is considered an act of war. International law governs the legality of invasions and self-defence among nations based in agreement such as the Geneva Conventions and other treaties on the use of weapons. It is regarded as paradoxical to apply law to war, even in the conduct of armies, as technically war is a state emergency and a fight for survival where both sides may be expected to do anything to win militarily. As history recognizes that the victor will determine the way the terms of the battle are recorded for posterity, it also acknowledges that the winning side in war will dictate the terms of the peace to the defeated. Furthermore, political regimes change domestically, and international law is as full of broken treaties as civil law is of broken contracts. Yet, people rarely ask if contract law really exists in the same manner that t hey question international law. For the most part, this is due to the fact that civil courts are recognized authorities in society, and their ability to enforce contract law is taken for granted, or understood within an expectation of risk management. The lack of supra-national authority with the powers of

Combat Medicine Ancient Times to the present Research Paper

Combat Medicine Ancient Times to the present - Research Paper Example In most parts of the world, armies were mobilized when the need to engage in warfare arose. This means militaries have been mainly unprofessional and so has the medical services related to the military over the past years. This paper examines the history of combat medicine and medical and health intervention in military settings. The paper will examine the earliest methods and approaches used to deal with military health issues and how this was evolved over the centuries. In order to undertake this study, the core aim of the research will be to examine the origins, history and development of combat medicine from ancient times to the present. In order to conduct the study, the following objectives will be explored: In prehistoric times, disagreements between people were resolved by individual battles and hand-to-hand combats. However, as societies evolved and more people lived together in larger communities, conflicts between communities became more complicated and better weapons were invented to inflict more fatal injuries to people1. The seriousness of the wounds inflicted by modern weapons led the the need for more effective and efficient ways of dealing with the wounds inflicted in warfare. This led to the consolidation of military and combat medicine from inception to about 2,000 BCE. Most of the earliest treatment systems for combat victims were mainly done through metaphysical methods. People used what will be known today as faith-healing to deal with their wounds and other war-oriented medical complications because that was what was in vogue and accepted in different nations and communities around the world. The metaphysical approach to dealing with war wounds and war medications involved the use of alchemy, astrology and the calling up of deities and angels to help to deal with the wounds and other challenges of warfare2. However, the data and

Theology second paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theology second paper - Essay Example It requires them to make reference from the Bible for their daily mannerisms. The belief in Jesus Christ also negotiates their reactions towards the modern society (Moore, 2). The modern society engrosses diverse challenges brought by technology and social dynamics. Therefore, Christians respond to the contemporary social situations in reference with their affiliation with Jesus Christ. Jesus’ death for everyone in the world exhibited his unconditional love. Through this act, Jesus demonstrated equal attention of each person regardless of their originality and background. The modern society is experiencing pronounced inequalities towards particular people and groups (Chopp, 3). Social stratification is an evident phenomenon across the modern society. This challenge requires the Christians to respond in a particular manner. They ought to respond in their belief towards the nature of Jesus Christ. They ought to make a reference to the manifestation of Christ’s love at the cross. He died for each person regardless of their background and originality. The book of I Corinthians 15:1-5 demonstrates the essence of Christ’s death for the human race. It clearly reveals that Christ died for each individual in society (Hanson, 22). Upon observation of Christ’s unconditional love that is free from discrimination, Christians ought to express the same in the modern society. Therefore, this move will entail embracing all the differences amongst the people in society and expressing unconditional love towards them. The contemporary American society has manifested intense levels of discrimination. Persons are highly discriminated and deprived of their rights according to their backgrounds (Chopp, 3). America is a society that entails diverse personalities with unique backgrounds. Within this society, there are immigrants as well as white natives. The key challenge in this society is the persistent antagonism amongst the ethnic clusters. Immigrant

Reading Responses and Replies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Reading Responses and Replies - Essay Example First, the writer does a good job of displaying why he suits for the job position. He goes ahead to demonstrate the value he would bring to the company. The writer gives excellent tips of enhancing confidence to the employer. This catches the employer’s attention to evaluate the need of recruiting a strong applicant who is ready to bring growth to the company. Secondly, while concluding, he displays his confidence by stating that he regards to meet the employer. This demonstrates confidence in his skills and abilities that he would succeed to get the job. Nevertheless, listing out his accomplishments was wrong since this suited a resume. Mostly, most employers regard a cover letter that is one page in length therefore; it would be displeasing to list out the list of accomplishment. The writer could have summarized his list of accomplishment in one or two sentences to grasp the reader’s attention. The writer failed to use the correct format of cover letter. The use of bu llets display lack of professionalism as the use of listing seemed unnecessary. Though bullet points augment easy reading, it should not be present in the formal business letter. There is a lot we can learn from this letter but few things can be improved as mentioned above. Work Cited Purdue University. Business Wring Engli

Different techniques on raising children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Different techniques on raising children - Essay Example If the parents failed to establish a meaningful relationship with their children, the children may not care much about the instructions given by the parents. For example, if both the father and the mother of a child professionals, they may not get enough time to establish a strong relationship with their children because of the less time they might have spent with their children. In such cases, it is difficult for them to make their children obedient to the instructions given by them. â€Å"Self-confidence comes largely from being confident in the world around you. If you can trust your own world to be solid and unchanging, its far easier to be sure of your own place and personality within it† (Ten Tools for Parenting Happy, Healthy Children, 2010). Planting self confidence in the minds of the children is one of the major requirements for making the child capable of undertaking independent tasks. A child should have planted the seeds of self esteem even in his mind during his childhood itself in order to succeed in his future life. For that purpose, the parents have a definite role to play. As the child learns from his surroundings, especially from the family, the family members should exhibit reasonable confidence in their activities. It is difficult for a child to develop self esteem if his parents happen to be cowards. â€Å"Parents should be each child’s first and favorite teacher. Most parents will encounter a few bumps in the road as their child moves from baby to teen to adult† (Parenting & Family Issues, 2010). Family is the first and major school of a child. Peaceful family atmosphere is important in raising a child in the right track. Children first learn things from their parents and the family. If the parents often clash each other in the family, children may not get the right message for their development from the all important family school. Moreover, the transition from a baby to teen and teen to adult are important phases in one’s life.

Consumer Behaviour (case study milk) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer Behaviour (case study milk) - Essay Example As a result, many buyers share a favorable attitude toward Australian milk. The new advertising campaign helps the milk industry appeal to new target audience. "It portrays milk drinkers as likely to have more stamina and to have a better time as beer drinkers" (Case study). In this case, behavior patterns of buyers are influence by quality decisions and unique qualities of the product. This behavior patterns represent how a product is associated with unique personal image and health-conscious appeal (Brock et al 1994). Another step is to reposition the product and change "the way people view milk as s beverage" (Case study). In a short period of time, success is due in part to the product's association with prestige and new lifestyle. The message is reinforced in advertising that urges new buyers to join this group. The milk industry uses the same characters, James and Tom, with sex appeal. Personal values are considered important consumer behavior elements because they serve as determinants of attitudes and have manifested themselves in the formation of buying motives and brand attitudes. Personal values are better predictors of activity preference than demographic variations. Factors comprising items related to cultural activities, outdoor activities, and roots such as visiting ancestral homelands and friends and relatives indicated that personal values were more useful than demographics. Both campaigns are targeted at male consumers. It is possible to say that values are learned and are respons ible for determining self-concept. These values extend to social, family life, entertainment, and other facets of life. New advertising campaign creates a new mode of conduct which the individual believes is either correct or incorrect, and increases number of branded products. Another campaign, "Milk-legendary Staff", is based on emotional and sex appeal. The role of this type of advertising is to change the style of life of consumers beyond economic factors and includes an increasing concern with a sense of well-being. Consumers behavior is influenced by factors mentioned above and reflected their feelings, states of happiness, and other behavioral measures are associated with their expectations. Generally, the style of life is equated with a sense of satisfaction. For milk producers, it is important to create a core of loyal supporters based on their behavior patterns. The advent of customer loyalty is a response to the need to meet heightened customer expectations and face intensified market competition. Customer loyalty can be defined as a commitment to continue to do business with a company on an ongoing basis. To deliver customers satisfaction milk producers consider several options for developing operations strategy. Having the option to choose, and options to choose from, is crucial to marketing dynamics (Brock et al 1994). Without option of choice, they be unable to create a selling proposition and to target their most promising opportunities; and customers would be unable to express their needs and purchase preferences, settling for something less-than-acceptable, or not at all (Wells et al 2005). In spite of positive changes in life style of people and increasing consumption of milk, both advertising campaigns exploit consumers. Advertising message has a great influence on buyers as it is often

The Recent Recession and the Economics of Developing Countries Essay Example for Free

The Recent Recession and the Economics of Developing Countries Essay This paper will be looking into the phenomenon of the recent US recession in light of its relationship with the economies of developing countries. It seems that Keynesian Economics managed to save the US Economy from the inefficiencies caused by the free market economy, but how can such a tragedy be handles in small developing countries wherein governments don’t have the same resources to bailout corporations? This writer believes that it is important to analyze the repercussions of this phenomenon as there are many developing countries whose development and more specifically their economies , are modeled after the economy of the United States. In Episode 1, â€Å"The Battle of Ideas,† we saw that Keynes believed that the private sector decisions sometimes lead to unproductive macroeconomic outcomes and therefore, he advocated active policy solutions by states or governments. It was followed by huge economies in order to survive the Great Depression of the 1930s but was dismissed in the late 1970s-1980s (and seemingly) until now for the free market economy or with what Hayek has been advocating decades back. But recently, due to the economic recession that the US and much of the world’s huge economies experienced, it would seem that Keynes can be correct after all. This can be illustrated by the fact that without numerous bailouts from the federal government, US capitalism would have collapsed under its own knees. This statement in Episode 1 by Robert Skidelsky is worth saying to those who have scoffed at Keynes in the years before this recent recession (2007-present), â€Å"Hayek always rejected macroeconomics. He rejected any government intervention during the Great Depression itself, whereas Keynes was an activist. He said in the long run were all dead, and in the long run if we allow things to go on without remedy, we get lots of Hitlers, lots of wars, and lots of Stalins. And who was right? â€Å" What the US Federal government did in bailing out the almost bankrupt financial institutions was much like what Keynes (as mentioned in â€Å"The Battle of Ideas†) has been advocating: Governments should spend against the wind. In good times they should reduce their spending and build surpluses; in bad times, like the Great Depression, they should step up spending, run deficits, and put purchasing power into the hands of working people. † It is worthwhile to first look at the long history of rivalry between Keynesian and Classical/Neo-Classical Economics. Before the Great Depression of the 1930s, the market was left alone (‘laissez faire’) as was advocated by Classical Economists like David Ricardo and Adam Smith until the Great Depression occurred. Industries collapsed, the thriving economy in a slump,jobs lost, people went hungry. After the Great Depression, government adapted the Keynesian Economics and resuscitated the economy back to life. All was well and until the economies become stagnat and inflation sky-rocketed. When welfare states and dependent economies failed, it was the free market economy that went on to give life to sick economies. The transition to this was difficult as we have learned from â€Å"The Agony of Reform†. There may be three reasons that can be pointed out why struggling economies found it difficult to make the transition from having a state-run economy into letting the market work by it : 1. From Episode II, The Agony of Reform† we can see the first reason may be the fear of the shock that the change will make. Price of essential needs will inevitably skyrocket at first while the market evens out itself after price controls have been lifted as what happened to Bolivia. 2. The second reason is the political context in the country wherein the transition will be made. Political leaders fear that they will lose power because of the discontent or worry of people caused by the sudden impact of the transition from state-run economy to market economy (As such with the leadership of Nixon and other Latin American Countries). 3. The third reason is that the leaders themselves have gotten used to dependency and conservatism and are afraid to take risks. The same seems to be true for their citizens. Another reason, I think, that was a factor for struggling economies’ (at least those in the Latin Americas) difficulties in making the transition was because they are pressured into following models prescribed by the bigger and stronger economies such as Britain and the US. In this shift from one paradigm to another, we have seen that the most difficulty was experienced by the developing countries during that time (as shown in the film, particularly Latin America). Going back to the present situation of economies today, there great curiosity on what will happen next with economic giants such as US and UK but how about developing countries? Most developing countries are highly dependent on direct foreign investments. When economies of developed countries are doing well, the supply of investment for developing countries go up but during a recession, supply of investment for developed countries go down. As developing countries are highly dependent on agriculture and usually without their own national industries, lack of foreign investments coming in would mean loss of jobs and decrease in the Gross National Income. No jobs would mean fewer taxes for the government and less support for its jobless citizens on social services. It is indeed a cycle of poverty. This is what happens to developing countries. Due to lack of their own national industries, they do not even have corporations to bail out. Instead, they seem to be mere extensions of the bigger economies instead of being equally connected as is ideal in a globalized economy that is being advocated by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Right now, I believe that developing countries should encourage its own citizens to take part in their economy through small and medium-scale enterprises in order for their economy as they encourage foreign investment. This is for them to have a fall-back in times of a global recession. Also through this way, people will not be so dependent on foreign investment in providing jobs for them. In our course, I have learned the different macroeconomic theories that have worked and failed through the years. Through historical analysis and study of the positive and negative sides of the theories and their applications, I believe that the same obstacles will be faced. Thus the importance of carefully reviewing economic policies that have worked and following or enhancing them and also making sure that those policies that have failed are not enforced again. In order to overcome these obstacles, a balance with the private and the public sector in the economy should be achieved after all, too much of anything can never be good. History has shown us that markets fail because of the abuse of some corporations in their quest for more financial gains therefore better business ethics on the part of corporations should be promoted. On the part of the government/state, regulatory boards and committees should always be present, the roles of which are to draft â€Å"loose† rules particular for each industry in order to ensure that no abuse by market players are being done. By â€Å"loose†, it is meant that these rules should be more of a monitoring mechanism rather than controlling. By establishing institutions such as these, recessions or market inefficiencies can be avoided, also saving the state the need to majorly interfere through providing financial help to the market by creating stimulus programs or bailouts. I believe that achieving the balance between the application of Keynesian and Free Market Economics (Neo-Classical) will ensure the stability of markets thus ensuring development of all nations. .

Link Between Oppression And Social Labelling Sociology Essay

Link Between Oppression And Social Labelling Sociology Essay As a member of a minority group this subject is something of interest and has personal relevance to my experiences living in a pre-dominantly white society. The absence of appropriate Asian role models in the media such as television, films, history, newspapers and in positions of credible political and economic influence, stimulated a natural process of personal questioning of identify. The social labels which surround us either positive or negative shape our perceptions of self and influence the kind of decisions we make. If we dont understand the social fabrics of society in which self is developed and do not nurture a genuine inquiry into how oppression functions, we end up living those social labels. Some of these can be harmful and cause us to become disadvantaged even to the point of oppression of ourselves. It could be argued that this is an unlikely phenomena but psychological oppression is a well-researched and uncontested concept amongst academics. I am simply referring to and naming what it really is, internalised self-oppression. This paper will attempt to examine the discourses and ideas which shape and influence our understanding of oppression as well as establishing a link between this and social labelling. Oppression as a concept has a very broad meaning and relates to different forms of minority groups in different ways. In this paper I will explore the relationship of oppression drawing on various forms of resources and information to support a particular perceptive. It should be recognised that oppression is not exclusive to race but impacts on other groups such as women, disability, age, sexual orientation and class with varying degrees of intensity and differences. However, for the purposes of this assignment I will specifically focus on the concept of race. I will present the four key criterias of oppression presented by Ann Cudd in her book Analysing Oppression (Cudd, 2006) and then focus on the effects of social labelling as phenomena. I will present a view that in order to understand oppression w e must also understand the social systems, structures and influences that facilitates internalised oppression. My conclusion will aim to provide some suggestions towards highlighting how to end oppression and limit or reduce its effect on individuals who are exposed to the dynamics of oppression. Defining layers of oppression History literature books document oppression in different ways from religious repression, class differences, poverty and wealth, language and knowledge just to name a few (Kernohan 1998). Oppression is traditionally understood to relate to the loss of freedom, free choice, independence and capabilities due to actions of those in positions of power (Wartenberg 1992). Half a century ago, if asked the question what is oppression, many would refer to slavery or colonialism. In this day and age there is a greater understanding and awareness of oppression. Iris Young a respected author on the subject of power and oppression highlights how oppression has a much broader understanding making reference to systematic and structural phenomena that are not necessary the result of the intentions of a tyrant. Oppression in the structural sense is part of the basic fabric of a society, not a function of a few peoples choice or policies(Young, 1992, p. 176). In this respect oppression can be consider ed to be in the psychological and behavioural patterns of every member of society including those who are well meaning individuals whether they are aware of it or not. Oppression as we once thought of is far more subtle, as Jean Harvey explains civilised oppression involves neither physical violence nor the use of law. Yet these subtle forms are by far the most prevalent in Western industrialised societies (Harvey, 1999, P. 1). Recognising different forms of oppression means decoding cultural and societal norms which do not clearly categorise or has a clear distinct oppressor. We all contribute to oppression in different ways and perpetuate forms of harm consciously or unconsciously, either to ourselves or to others (Harvey, 1999). Ann Cudd helps us to explain this further by outlining four key criterias which are necessary and appropriate in increasing our understanding of oppression: Oppression must involve some sort of physical or psychological harm, though it may not be recognised as harm by the ones who are oppressed (Cudd, 1994, p.25). So harm can be imposed without being self-conscious limiting ones freedom of choice relative to other in ones society (Cudd, 1994, p.25). Oppression is a kind of harm that individual members of group suffer by virtue of their membership in that group. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦harm that comes to persons because they belong to a group that they closely identify with, so that the harm attaches to their very self-image (ibid). Individuals are not oppressed as individuals but due to their membership to a specific group, such as race, gender, disability or sexual orientation. Keith Vaz MP might not be considered as being oppressed although black men in society are. He has the same limitations as other black men who have less power in society and will have obstacles to cross that other white men take for privilege. The third criteria, is what Cudd refers to as the privilege group (Cudd, 1998). She makes the point that an individual who has membership to a group which benefits from the oppression is advantaged by their association and status. However, not every individual member of the group will be intentionally or knowingly benefiting but they gain from the membership to that group. Oppression must involve some kind of coercion or force ((Cudd, 1994). Coercion is the lack of ability to make free choice. Cudd goes on to explain that coercion is not the absence of all choice, but a lack of the right kind of choices, namely, voluntary choices (Cudd, 1994, p. 27). Cudd suggests that this is what explains injustices of oppression. A further dimension My concept of oppression will focus on Ann Cudds coercion criteria with some variation. Not all coercion might be considered immoral as an explanation towards injustices of oppression. There are other forms of oppression, more subtle kinds which equally are not coercive such as psychological oppression. Prilleltensky and Nelson make reference to Sandra Bartky who states To be psychologically oppressed is to be weighed down in your mind; it is to have a harsh dominion exercised over your self-esteem. The psychologically oppressed become their own oppressors; they come to exercise harsh dominion over their own self-esteem. Differently put, psychological oppression can be regarded as the internalisation of intimations of inferiority ((Isaac Prilleltensky, 2002, p. 13). In this respect there is no force or coercion; individuals will have the ability to make free choice in making decisions, so the lack of voluntary choice is not affected. Individuals who are psychologically oppressed become their own persecutors. The options are available to them but they are only likely to make decisions and choices which their culture or community demands of them. There are other forms of elements of oppression at work which are dynamic, fluent and interact, as oppression doesnt occur in isolation but many forces come together in order to hold people in a state of oppression (Frye 2005). Oppression is well documented throughout history and in literature. Particular references are made to slavery of the treatment of African slaves, the holocaust and the suffering and torture of European Jews. The systematic discrimination against sexual minorities including gay and lesbians ((Cudd, 2006). The disproportionate use of stop and search against black minorities being seven times more likely to be stopped by the police compared whites ((Muffler, 2006). The above examples make reference to the way in which physical ill-treatment is used to subjugate particular groups of people. However, the most efficient and effective way a society can propagate oppression is by a system of non-physical means transforming into a process of what we call negative labelling or commonly referred to as stereotyping. There are many studies undertaken which highlight the effects of stereotyping on particular groups. This includes how these groups of individuals self-categorise themselves into positive or negative stereotyping which either way leads to negative and damaging effects. Michael Hogg refers to a study undertaken by Jost and Elsbach suggesting the link between stereotyping and power differentials as a negative force within social relations which results in distortion, control and false awareness of the oppressed groups reality ((Hogg, 2002). The element of control is imbedded into the consciousness of the individuals being stereotyped. Altshuller refers to the following quote by Jost and Banaji those with power can control ideas, beliefs, and stereotypes in the same way they control other social and material resources and can thereby instil a false consciousness in the powerless such that the powerless become complicit in their own disadvantage ((Altshuller, 1999, p. 325). The weak becom e accepting of their position of being oppressed and psychologically become their own oppressors by self-limiting their opportunities and life chances. Cudd makes the following point, it is not that they (the psychologically oppressed) will prefer oppression to justice, or subordination to equality, rather they will prefer the kinds of social roles that tend to subordinate them, make them less able to choose, or give them fewer choices to make (Cudd, 2008, p. 114). There has been varying degrees of research analysing the relationship between oppression and stereotyping which support findings that individuals who are negatively stereotyped adopt the stereotyping. This in turn sets into motion self-defeating beliefs which develops into limiting factors in accessing life opportunities. In a study conducted by Devos and Banaji they refer to how stereotyping leads to a type of phenomenon that results in self-stereotyping ((Banaji, et el, 2005). However, stereotyping distorts the reality of the lived experiences of individuals who are being stereotyped. Sayers suggests that the media influences our perceptions and that these perceptions then influence our behaviour towards stereotyped groups (Sayre, 2009, p. 318). So for example if we see a rebellious young teenage black adolescent, we may perceive him/her as having a violent culture in comparison to a white civilised European culture. Instead of challenging institutional oppression we use blame to shift the focus of responsibility (Cudd, 2006). Stereotyping can be damaging in other ways. According to the theory of stereotype threat ((Laurie A. Rudman, 2008) the existence of such stereotypes means that anything one does or any of the ones features that conform to it make the stereotype more plausible as a self-characterisation in the eyes of others, and perhaps even in ones own eyes (Steele and Aronson, 1995, p. 797). A further dimension to stereotyping is direct situational threat that arises through negative stereotyping. This relates to the risk of being treated or judged in a stereotypical way or even perhaps self-fulfilling the stereotype. Immediate situational threat is another result of the negative stereotypes against a group. That is the threat of the possibility of being judged or treated stereotypically, or even self-fulfilling the stereotype. This stereotype threat, according to Stangor, Can befall anyone with a group identity about which some negative stereotype exists, and for the person to be threatened in this way he need not even believe the stereotype. He need only know that it stands as a hypothesis about him in situations where the stereotype is relevant(Stangor, 2000, p. 370). There are many studies carried out exploring the relationship between stereotype threat and poor intellectual tests (Weiten, 2012). Different people will react differently to situational threat. Individuals will either blame themselves for their lack of achievements or internalise inferiority, both of which leads to lowering their rank and status in society (Aronson, 1995). Internalising the blame leads to individuals not feeling they have the ability or confidence to succeed, therefore they are likely not even to make any attempt. So for example, I have always wanted to paraglide. It might not be in my capabilities, so have never tried and never will. However, it will not affect my life opportunities, impact on my quality of life or leave me in an oppressed social status. Nevertheless, self-blame could cause to decrease and lower quality of life. If self-blame is used for our lack of success on our incapacities, it would make it problematic to identify and challenge institutional op pression. Self-blame is the final ingredient in maintaining oppression. Realigning the balance In order to redress the balance, there are different ways to overcome oppression in culture and attain a more egalitarian society. This requires personal commitment in challenging oppressive structure. It requires re-structuring of established institutions and the thought processes that influences them. It is helpful to remember that simply making policies to encourage change does not help, although policies give some direction reflecting where society is going, it does not simply promote social justice and reduce oppression (OConnor, 2003, p. 20). It is not a far-fetched view, that stereotyping is used to justify all kinds of harms on groups of individuals. Harm causes damage to ones ability. Therefore any harm that violates ones self and their development of human ability is a violation of universal and human rights (Nussbaum, 2001). The impact and effect of negative labelling attacks and destroys his/her sense of self image by violating their experiences. This violation occurs not only physically but through years of training and being subject to negative messages, instilling a false consciousness and it is this which results in oppression. All human beings have a right to live free of physical and emotional violations which results in any form of harm. Each individual has the right to dignity, self-worth, and to maximise their internal potential without the fear of abuse. Through self-stereotyping, if we lack the confidence that we do not have abilities then we are less likely to pursue and develop our capabilities. However, simply having basic human rights is not sufficient to bypass the harm which oppression causes. Challenging cultural dynamics, religious practices and social norms which create the kinds of conditions for oppression to flourish should be confronted through education and providing information enabling individuals to make decisions and choices that do not violate their sense of self. Developing influential role models that advocate and develop a collective identify regardless of their individuality can assist in developing images of credible and honourable representatives. Such individuals would help to counter the negative portrayal of groups which are likely to be exposed to some form of negative labelling. Conclusion The path to ending all forms of oppression is by far not an easy journey. More often than not minority leaders rarely challenge the structures or the system but instead they adapt to increase their own access to power. It is not uncommon that many minority leaders holding positions of influence create an impression of equality of opportunity which is reassuring to the privilege groups. However, this kind of representation could be damaging to the oppressed groups, as it distorts the reality of the oppressed, ignoring the very real problem with cultural oppression. This has the risk of overlooking the conditions and social problems which keeps people in their underprivileged positions. Rather than focusing on readdressing the system, oppressed groups are ridiculed, blamed and stereotyped for their circumstances (Segal, 2009). To overcome the impact of self-stereotyping, simply ending social stereotype is not enough. More needs to be done to increase individuals ability and self-worth, so that every member of society can enjoy their true human rights. Social conditioning starts at a very early age, which defines our identity and the realisation of our ability or the lack of it. If we focus on countering the destructive stereotypes in our communities, then drawing our attention at children when they are young might be a start. This would include improving the quality of education and funding for the schools, but also ensure that funding is distributed equally to avoid creating a culture of differential treatment. Education of adults is another element which would assist in reducing oppression. What is needed here is effective training that not only focuses on the future members of society but also on those individuals who are affected by oppression and stereotype threat currently. In this exists the challenge and the goal at reversing the stereotypes and reconstructing individual capabilities. Re-establishing and re-developing the undermined capabilities is our primary task here. Education which raises the awareness and empower oppressed groups should benefit from public support. There is no doubt that education itself is not just simply a cure to a complex range of dynamics such as oppression but it remains the most firmly established institution towards seeking restoration. An educational method originating and centred from the experiences of the oppressed is what is needed. In his book, Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Paulo Freire gives the following quote: Just as the oppressor, in order to op press, needs a theory of oppressive action, so the oppressed, in order to become free, also need a theory of action. The oppressor elaborates his theory of action without the people, for he stands against them. Nor can the people-as long as they are crushed and oppressed, internalizing the image of the oppressor-construct by themselves the theory of their liberating action. Only in the encounter of the people with the revolutionary leader-in their communion, in their praxis-can this theory be built (Freire, 2007, p. 183). Having leaders with integrity and institutional support are the necessary elements in the ending of oppression. Greater understanding and awareness should be developed into making individuals motivation independent from the negative identities, so that we have a society that is built on strong ambitious people. As part of a broader community, restructuring the capabilities which have been damaged and developing people to an equal threshold of using their potential and capabilities. Encouraging positive perceptions of identity would result in opening up many different possibilities and experiences which is critical in undermining the negative patterns of thoughts and feelings which result in internalising the oppression. Reducing the patterns of oppressive thoughts would be one of the first challenges towards making progress in ending all forms of internal and external oppression.

Assets Of Commercial Bank In Nepal Analysis

Assets Of Commercial Bank In Nepal Analysis The aim of this project is to assess the level of non-performing assets and its repercussions in overall financial stability of commercial bank in Nepal through the comparison between proper Nepali bank and the joint venture bank. The specific objectives are : To determine the extent to which commercial banks face potential financial instability because of non-performing assets. To identify the mechanisms by which commercial banks control non-performing assets. To identify successful and unsuccessful measures in relation to recover and mobilization of non-performing assets of commercial bank. To find out Whether or not Nepalese Commercial Banks are following rules and regulations of NRB (Nepal Rastra Bank) regarding their lending, especially to maintain the provision for NPA? To enumerate and examine the level of NPA to total assets, total lending and total deposit of these two commercial banks. To identify the internal and external factors affecting on the growth of NPA? To identify the effects of Non-Performing Assets on ROA and ROE of these two commercial banks. To identify which bank has high level of non- performing assets To make recommendations as to how commercial banks might improve their efforts in relation to minimization of non-performing assets. These objectives will be achieved by addressing the following research questions: Which bank, proper nepali bank or joint venture bank, is actively seeking to minimize risks of non-performing assets? When did non-performing assets start showing impacts in the bank? What resources do the banks devote to control non-performing assets? Who decides on this resource allocation? How do banks seek to control non-performing assets? Is non-performing asset increasing amongst banks? What is the degree of increment of non-performing asset in proper Nepali commercial bank and joint venture bank? What percentage of total assets and total lending is occupying by NPAs of Nepalese commercial banks? How does non-performing assets effects on return on total assets (ROA) and shareholders equity (ROE)? What are major internal factors, external factors and other main causes to growth of NPA? To compare the percentage of non-performing assets of these commercial banks in different time period. Which measure (or measures) in particular has been effective in curbing non-performing assets of commercial banks? What factors contribute to a successful management of non-performing assets? Are increased non-performing assets retaining provisions considered to be good news for all banks or only for particular banks? Do the valuation implications of non-performing assets vary across banks? The Context and Background of the Proposal: The proposal is to concentrate on two commercial banks of Nepal: Rastriya Banijya Bank (a proper Nepali bank) and Everest Bank Limited (a joint venture bank); RBB and EBL respectively in acronyms. These are the two main banks operating in the banking industry in the expanding economy of Nepal. Rastriya Banijya Bank (RBB) is fully government owned, and the largest commercial bank in Nepal. RBB was established on January 23, 1966 (2022 Magh 10 BS) under the RBB Act. Now, the bank is running under bank and financial institute act 2063. RBB has been contributing to socio-economic development of the country for the last four and half decades. The Bank has currently entered into 46 years of service. RBB provides various banking services to a wide range of customers;  they include elite to poor individuals, institutional customers, and the customers  from industry / business communities. RBB has many correspondent arrangements with major international banks all over the world that facilitate trade finance, bank-originated personal funds transfers and interbank funds transfer. The bank has played crucial role for the development of financial sector i.e. bank, insurance companies through its promoters role. As a second commercial bank of the country, the bank has been contribut ing in the trade, industry and agricultural sector of the country. The bank has also contributed in the hydropower sector. Health and Education sector are also benefitted through its disbursement. As a government owned bank the bank is also contributing towards achieving national goals as per the government directives. The bank has made significant contribution in the development of private sector either by loan disbursement or  by active participation in the fairs organized by industrial and business communities. A leading commercial bank of Nepal established in the year 1994 in joint venture with Punjab National Bank, India, Everest Bank Limited (EBL) started its operation with a view and objective of extending professionalized and efficient banking services to various segments of the society. Punjab National Bank (PNB), EBLs joint venture partner (holding 20% equity in the bank) is the largest nationalized bank in India. With its presence virtually in all the important centres at Nepal, EBL offers a wide variety of banking services which include corporate and personal banking, industrial finance, agricultural finance, financing of trade and international banking. The large presence and vast resource base have helped the Bank to build strong links with trade and industry. These two banks make for an interesting comparison since they are both leading commercial banks with large number of clients, covering a diverse range of commercial sectors. They both share the bad news associated with increased provisions, preempted by loan default and increases in non-performing loans. The bad news in loan loss provisions is most likely to occur when fourth quarter audits correct under-provisioning relative to increases in non-performing loans during the first three quarters of the fiscal year which found the common victim in RBB and EBL. In contrast to EBL, the bad news stems from management exercising power over loan-loss provisions and their engagement in protection of larger numbers of defaulters in RBB. The disclosure of RBB as having more potential threats of increase in non-performing assets to EBL is hugely credited to the flexibility for efficient contracting provisions. At the time when economic activities are growing rapidly throughout the country, it is most uphill task for the banks to manage and curb non-performing assets. Moreover, political instability has resulted in more cases of commercial loans defaulting. Interestingly, consumer loans are hardly non-performing given to the rise of middleclass and service industry. But this trend differs in both EBL and RBB. This study purposes to underscore the importance of management of non-performing assets of RBB and EBL while comparing the provisions and their outcome in banking sector. Preliminary Literature Review Investment theory defines non-performing asset as â€Å"a debt obligation where the borrower has not  paid  any  previously agreed upon  interest and principal repayments to the designated lender for an extended period of time. The non-performing asset is therefore not yielding any income to the lender in the form of principal and interest payments. Non-performing asset has become the major problem in investment banking since the inception of banking service itself. Literature devoted to the cause and effect of non-performing assets of banks concentrates mainly over the consequence and overall impact on the systematic wellbeing of bank due to the rise of non-performing assets. In the article â€Å"Differential Valuation Implications of Loan Loss Provisions across Banks and Fiscal Quarters Chi-Chun Liu(1997) concentrates over the impact of loan loss provisions in market: â€Å"Prior research finds that, on average, the market reacts positively to loan loss provisions conditional on less discretionary information about loan default, such as non-performing loans and loan write-offs (133). Lius finding holds across different model specifications and study periods, despite radical changes in the banking industry over time. Liu finds that loan loss provisions are good news only for banks with loan portfolios that contain a high proportion of loans for which loss provisions require judgment and discretion on a loan-by-loan basis (e.g., commercial loa ns) rather than using statistical methods (e.g., consumer loans). A substantial body of research sought to confirm managements role regarding loan default. James M. Wahlens(1994) study in â€Å"The Nature of Information in Commercial Bank Loan Loss Disclosures suggests that loan loss provisions are to be â€Å"maintained at levels considered adequate to reflect managements expectations of future losses because â€Å"managers have private information regarding default risks inherent in the loan portfolio (455). Wahlen finds that managers judgment is necessary in estimating the loan loss provision each period. Wahlen further contends, â€Å"It is prohibitively costly for investors and monitors to obtain all of managements information about the loan portfolio each period . . . [Thus] bank managers can exercise discretion over the timing of provisions for certain loan losses (456). Wahlen examines the relations between unexpected loan loss provisions and both stock returns and changes in future cash flows, and the role of managers in handling non-p erforming assets, in his study. Similarly, Iftekhar Hasan and Stephen D. Smith (1997) have argued that traditional view in profitability of banking institutions does not comprehend recently developing market trends. The duo has empirically investigated the alternative hypothesis using overall profit measures: â€Å"the negative price-concentration relationship does not hold over the entire range of observed market concentration (47). They have focused on the impact of concentration and efficiency measures using price data for individual products and services. Jackson (1992) suggests that any generalization of such statements since price-concentration measures may vary substantially across time periods. Recently, in a comprehensive study, Berger and Hannan (1993) found more support for the structure-conduct-performance hypothesis than for the relative-market-power and/or efficient structure hypothesis. While concentrating over the role of banking sector in fetching the great depression of 1930s in America, Adam B. Ashcraft(2005) analyses the implication of non-performing assets in overall macroeconomic scenario in the article â€Å"Are Banks Really Special? New Evidence from the FDIC-Induced Failure of Healthy Banks. Ashcraft contends that severe contraction in banks results from uncontrolled lending. He writes: While there is some disagreement in the literature over the precise mechanism through which failure affects real activity it is hard to walk away without the conclusion that bank failures played an important macroeconomic role in the severity of the economic downturn. What are the possible mechanisms? The most direct effect is through the loss of real wealth by uninsured depositors and other creditors. Even in the absence of a wealth effect, however, the creditors of a failed bank lose liquidity while they wait for assets to be liquidated, which in turn affects real spending in the presence of borrowing constraints. (1712) Ashcraft observes that when a bank fails, some long-standing relationships with its customers are disrupted, if not destroyed. If customers are unable to replace these relationships with other lenders on equal terms, this contraction in the supply of bank credit has an effect on real activity. And finally, there is the threat of contagion, where the failure of one institution prompts a run on other banks, spreading the effect of failure throughout the economy. Literature related to non-performing assets and the Indian experience provides the glimpse of Asian economy and challenges of banking industry. Prashanth K Reddy(2002) makes a comparative study of Asian banking industry in â€Å"A comparative study of Non Performing Assets in India in the Global context similarities and dissimilarities, remedial measures. Reddy stresses the importance of a sound understanding of the macro economic variables and systemic issues pertaining to banks and the economy for solving the NPA problem along with the criticality of a strong legal framework and legislative framework. Reddy contends: Concerns have been raised about their relevance to India. A significant percentage of the NPAs of the PSBs are in the priority sector. Loans in rural areas are difficult to collect and banks by virtue of their sheer reach are better placed to recover these loans. Lok Adalats and Debt Recovery Tribunals are other effective mechanism to handle this task. ARCs should focus on the larger borrowers. Further, there is a need for private sector and foreign participation in the ARC. Private parties will look to active resolution of the problem and not merely regard it as a book transaction. Moving NPAs to an ARC doesnt get rid of the problem. Actions and measures have to be taken to build investor confidence. (12) Reddy stresses on the need to analyze foreign experiences that must be utilized along with a clear understanding of the local conditions to create a tailor made solution which is transparent and fair to all stakeholders. Reducing systemic risk potential that the non-performing assets create in banks is probably the strongest economic rationale for supervision of any economic system. In that context all over the world capital adequacy has become a core instrument of effective supervision of banking system. But the lack of research in Nepali commercial banking sectors has further prompted to economic instability. This research proposes to study the variables behind non-performing assets and its implication in commercial banking through the comparison between EBL and RBB. Consequently, the researcher hopes in treading into new avenue of research and its make recommendations for the reform process to be initiated in the Nepali banking industry as apart of the liberalisation of the economy in general and the financial stability in particular. Methodology / Sources of Data Researching NPAs of commercial banks is a sensitive topic. Several parties contribute to the â€Å"dynamics of the situation. These parties are: Bank employees and their representative from portfolios of credit (loan) department. Perspective clients of consumer loan and commercial loan investment from EBL and RBB Post-graduate students of finance and investment from various universities Law professionals handling the cases of NPAs. Journalists active in featuring economic beat across different prominent newspapers and magazines. A comprehensive investigation of this topics should attempt to collect data from each of these parties. It is proposed that the following methods of data collection be deployed: A content analysis of literature produced by these commercial banks, particularly their investment literature. Much of this literature is prepared for public consumption and hence will be readily available. Interviews with a representative sample from each of the parties identified above. Resource constraints do not allow for national coverage, hence these interviews will be conducted in one region of the country, which will be selected on the basis of convenience for the researcher. This could well limit the generalisations that can be made from the data. The researcher will â€Å"pose as a prospective client and will write a letter to each banks requesting guidance for loans. This raises ethical issues since a certain amount of â€Å"deception is involved. However, it is felt that it is a legitimate approach and doesnt cause personal harm to any party. The researcher will dispatch questionnaire selecting and identifying representative information provider from each party who in turn will provide with necessary information for the research. Anticipated Outcomes This work is essentially a comparative analysis since the issuance of loans and the state of recovery of two commercial banks are being compared. For the comparison to be meaningful and objective it is essential that a standard framework be adopted. It is proposed to structure the data collection and also the comparison and analysis using a distribution framework of: Public Sector Units Large Industries Medium Industries Other non priority Sectors Agriculture Small scale industries Other Priority sectors Hence in simple terms the results of the project could be presented in the following dummy table: Borrowing Segment-wise NPA Gross NPA RBB EBL Amount Percentage of Total NPA Amount Percentage of Total NPA Public Sector Units Large Industries Medium Industries Other non priority Sectors Agriculture Small scale industry Other Priority sectors It is envisaged that this will provide a degree of originality because the application of a distribution framework to an investment relations issue is novel. On the basis of the comparison of the activities of the two banks some recommendations can be made regarding the relative success of investment initiatives in this context.

midsummer nights dream :: essays research papers

As the play opens, the reader is told the setting and basis of the play and this is that the Duke, Theseus, is going to marry the Queen of the Amazons, Hippolyta, in five days time. Also Shakespeare also tells of most the characters in the play to set up who will be in the play. In the beginning of the play Hermia is brought to the Duke by her father Egeus to be judged, but this brings upon a problem considering that Hermia is already in love with Lysander despite her fathers disapproval. Egeus wants Hermia to marry Demetrius and if she does not she will die unless she wants her whole life to be lived by one of a virgin. From this Hermia decide to run away to the woods outside of Athens where they can be happy. When Hermia and Lysander run off into the woods, where Helena follows for she hopes that she can change Demetrius’ mind upon choosing Hermia as his wife and Demetrius also follows knowing that Hermia and Lysander have run there. In these woods live a group of fairies and a group of men who are practicing for a play they are to perform. In the group of fairies there includes the fairy king Oberon, his queen Titania, and his servant Puck. Oberon and Titania are not on the best of terms over an Indian prince given to Titania by the prince’s mother. With this Oberon sends Puck to go forth and retrieve a flower that is spread over a sleeping persons eyelids, when the person awakes they will fall in love with the first person that is seen upon awakening. When Puck retrieves the flower Oberon tells him to spread the flower over Titania’s eyes, but also to spread it on Demetrius’ eyes after seeing how he treats Helena. Puck spreads the flower on Titania’s e yes, but accidentally spreads the flower on Lysander’s eyes thinking this is the Athenian man that Oberon was referring to.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Lysander awakens, the first person he sees in Helena and he falls madly in love with her despite his love for Hermia and Helena believes that Lysander is merely putting on an act to mock her for her undying love for Demetrius. Puck realizes what he has done and tries do undo his mistake that night, but instead makes both Demetrius and Lysander falling madly in love with Helena.

Duties of Project Managers :: essays research papers

â€Å"Must be able to handle 5 to 6 projects at one time as well as handle requests for quotes for future work†. So says a job posting for a project manager. There are many different criteria asked for and assumed when it comes to project management. Also a basic generic criterion all project managers either have studied or performed. The following is a short list of only three of the non-basic criteria: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A defense contractor requires a Project Manager who is proficient in electronic troubleshooting. The company also requests that the PM have at least 10 years experience at actually being the project manager. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A small glass company near Tampa, Florida, requires the PM to be strong in accounting skills. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A construction company stresses that their PM must have â€Å"the ability to handle 5 to 6 projects at one time as well as handle requests for quotes for future work†; previously mentioned at the beginning. Showing these postings as an example stresses the diverse applications a PM is exposed to. The ability to adapt and change must be strong within the PM as well as the organization in question. Mentioned earlier in this paper, there are specific areas of study or experience a PM must know to be considered a PM. According to the article, â€Å"Getting Started in Project Management† (The Hampton Group) there are eight areas to master: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scope and Charter  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A charter is simply a contract between the project members. These members include the project manager and the stakeholders involved. This contract, signed or just verbally agreed to, is generally the single most important tool a project manager can use, if used in the correct manner. It sets the basis of growth for the project. (Template)  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The scope of the project will set the tone of the project. It defines the limits and it sets the result. Utilizing concepts such as conceptual thinking and if the end result is created at the beginning of the project, the success of the project is quantifiable and is able to flex with the projects movements. To create the scope, a PM asks the stakeholders what their meaning of success is in terms of the project in question. What will have to be attained before the stakeholders are satisfied with end results. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Work Breakdown Structure  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The WBS determines the exact nature of the tasks required to complete the project (Meredith and Mendel, p 162). The WBS, typically used after a clear understanding of the project is clear (Blair), will breakdown the project into pieces that are even more easily understood.

Super Leadership and Creativity Potential :: Business, Super Leadership Approach

Research Objectives The body of the literature on management and leadership primarily concentrate on the vibrant nature of the common organization. This paper augments the abundantly available literature on leadership studies for organizations. The minor intentions of this paper is to generate an forward motion that will induce other academics and scholars to focus on the topic of leadership at a much wider level having more comprehensive objectives in mind. The main focus would be to explore the link between super leadership behavior and creative potential through idea generation for an innovative and creative culture within organization. Research Questions The research questions in this case are presented as follows: 1. What is the relationship between super leadership and creativity potential? 2. How super leadership provoke an employee to perform at its best level? REVIEW OF LITERATURE Why to shift from traditional leadership to Super-Leadership? Super-leadership, sometimes also called as â€Å"Self-Leadership†, may be defined as the strategy to lead others is hidden in by leading oneself (Manz & Sims, 2001). The main difference between traditional leadership management concept and Super-Leadership is the main focus on followers rather than leader itself, and especially the belief of improving follower’s capacity to lead who are effective self-leaders. Therefore, concisely, super-leadership is the way of leading others to lead themselves. As argued (Sims & Manz, 1996), for super leadership behavior to be implemented, a leader has to adopt 10 most significant shifts from traditional approach of leadership in order to move towards super leadership approach are as follows:- 1. The leader helps out the team members/group to switch from external observation to self-observation. 2. The focus is on moving from designated goals to goals that are self developed. 3. Organic control is exercised by team/group members’ i.e. external reinforcement for task performance changes in to internal reinforcement with an addition of external reinforcement for self-leadership behaviors. 4. Leadership prefer to motivation techniques not only based on external compensation but also based on the natural rewards associated with work. 5. The leader shifts the group to focus on self criticism rather than external criticism from the organization, which often creates bad impact upon team/group members. 6. There is a move from external problem solving towards self-problem solving techniques. 7. There is a shift from external job assignments to self-job assignments. 8. Leadership moves from external planning to self planning and from external task design to self-design of tasks at step eight. 9. Any problem or issue arises should be treated as an opportunity instead of threat by the group/team members.

Welcoming Country

Today, Many people in our society have faced many challenges whether it is because of their religion, gender, physical ability and sexual orientation. The United states has always prided themselves to be an open and welcoming country that does not judge one another on any basis. Under this administration the challenges that many immigrants are facing have become greater than ever. Hate crimes against the jewish people have been occurring way more frequently now. Many people in the United States have Xenophobia where they think their country, and their way of life is far superior than everyone else's, and when someone comes in from another country they tend to not accept them or even want to talk to them. Since 911 happened people tend to associate every muslim as a terrorist and they come here to this country to get the opportunities that everyone else has and they are not getting it because Islamophobia. Many young black teens are at a disadvantage because many schools have the zero tolerance policies that end up pushing them out of the school and into the juvenile and the criminal justice system instead of giving them a chance and help within the school system. The United States has come a long way over the years from slavery, and not letting women vote but many improvements can be made for us to truly become a country that accepts all people no matter if they're black, white a women or gay. Furthermore if this country wants a better future for their children then we have to work on these issues and have to become more open minded when it comes to immigrants, religion, women, and people who are gay that are in this country. Women have also gone through struggles facing discrimination because of gender. They have being doing the same job that men do but a lot of the time they do not get the same pay. It was not until the civil war that women were even allowed to work. Women were not hired for jobs that were considered jobs for males. In the 1960's women only occupied two percent of managerial positions. This showed that gender discriminations was still prevalent.This portrait that women had to accept jobs which did not require high skill nor get high pay. Even with all these issues women were strong and gathered in groups to fight these issues. In time, gender discrimination against women in the workforce has alleviated. In 1963 the equal pay act for women was passed meaning that men and women doing the same job had to get the same amount of pay or it was illegal. Groups like The National Organization of women were formed to help women get the same rights that men had like being able to play the same sports in college. Women are essential to society because they are just as capable as men and they have proved themselves in the workforce time and time again. An important reason why people come to this country is to be able to practice their religion freely and openly without any prohibition, harm or even trying to be oppressed . The founding fathers of our nation came to this country to practice their religion. Although, one of the roots of immigration into this country was the search for freedom of religion, many entities have been discriminated as a people. If we take a look at our history, we can find some examples. One of them is General Ulysses S. Grant who issued an order to take out the Jewish people from states Tennessee,Kentucky, and mississippi that were under his control. Most of the states in the U.S do not let people of the same sex marry. Within the last ten years states have been letting up, and are letting gays and lesbians marry each other under the law. These people have been discriminated since this country has been formed . When HIV first came out it was known as a â€Å"gay man's disease † meaning that you had to be gay to get that disease. Donald Trump and vice president Mike Pence do not believe in gay marriage and this is another barrier facing the LGBT community. They have been targeted and bullied in many schools around the country. Sexual discrimination was seen in the armed forces. Commanders used to launch what they called â€Å"witch hunts† to find gay troops and boot them out of the service. Many citizens that do not have the physical ability have been left behind and not taken care of the way they should be. These people for a long time and still today get bullied in school, have no friends, and do not get the support that they need and deserve to be able to do the things that they want. A lot of times these people get harassed in the workplace because they do not have the same ability as others. To help these people out the government passed a law called American with disabilities act to ensure that people with disabilities get proper accommodation in the workforce and also get protection under being fired just solely because they are disabled. I have learned a lot in the course. All the issues that this country is facing surrounding racism and people accepting one another for who they are and what they represent. I have also been exposed to many different things like people's cultures and the hardships that they face on a daily basis. The class has made me more aware of how deeply discrimination exists in our society, and the struggles that people have gone through to overcome make our country a more acceptable society. I learned that we have gains but still have a long way to go. After taking taking this class I have become a better person. Fixing these issues that society fights as a whole is not an easy task. In order to make changes with have to start with our young generations, and make it an empathize in the school systems to teach and focus on accepting one another no matter what the circumstances surrounding that person. Once we make the citizens aware that no matter what we believe, or how different we look, or whatever sexual orientation and gender we may be we are all part of the human race. If we make these social changes starting with our young children then this country will get back on track to fulfill its promise of being a nation which accepts everyone no matter color, race, gender. Furthermore we have to elect politicians that follows these ideologies that we are looking to have in this country. Many people in our society have faced many challenges whether it is because of their religion, gender, physical ability, and sexual orientation. This country has come a long way from discriminating against these groups but we still have a lot of work to do if we want this country to be fully accepting of everyone. A lot of these issues that we face as a culture need to be stopped from the top down. If the president can become more open and tolerant of others then that would be a major step in fixing this mess between different groups. What I have discussed in this essay about the current trend of racism, sexism and discrimination is not new, As the famous adage goes†History repeats itself†. At the founding of our american democracy with the Declaration of Independence (`1776) and the US Constitution (1789)all men were supposed to be equal under the law. However, women did not receive the right to vote until the year 1919 with the adoption of the 19th amendment of the constitution. Most states did not allow married women to keep their property until the beginning of the 20th century. Prior to the 29th century , women's legal status was that of chattel- they were the legal property of their Husbands and fathers. The few women from the late 19th century to the mid twentieth century who were able to get law degrees, medical and engineering degrees found themselves underemployed because employers did not want to hire women in these professions. It wasn't until the late 1970 that most states passed discriminations law to protect bias agent gender. Historically, Blacks have also been discriminated the legal and political system of our country. Although the 13th amendment ended slavery in 1865 and the 14th amendment (1868)guaranteed equal protection under the law for all persons, segregation and the denial of voting rights to blacks and other racial minorities persisted until the adoption of the federal voting rights in 1965. Discrimination in job hiring and access to housing was also rampant until the adoption of the Civil rights Acts in 1964. Historically, many different immigrant groups were discriminated and prevented from entering the United States. For example, the chinese exclusion act enacted in 1882 prohibited immigration of all chinese laborers even though –ironically– previous generations of chinese laborers were exploited to build the great railroad system that expanded the wealth and growth of the continental United States. Many of these laws were not repealed until after the second world war in 1948. Other ethnic groups (e.g. Irish and eastern europeans) had strict limited quotas for entry into the United States. Finally, protection from discrimination based on sexual orientation has only recently been enacted by only 24 states. There is still no federal civil rights protection based upon sexual orientation. Hence, for example, in the states of North Carolina and MIssissippi employers can fire or deny promotions to gay employees. We should remind ourselves of this history as we put into perspective the need to recognize and address the current problems of discrimination based on gender, race, ethnic origin and sexual orientation.

Meaning of Life and Hope

bank apply, a contrive that we alone use similarly commonly precisely non specify clearly. expect Is a desire accompanied by mentality of belief In ful directment. Its the feeling of scatty something that could happen. Its a news show of belief In positive taboocomes roughly events and circumstances in our life. We use promise In a positive entreatful meaning. When we look away to for something, we wish for It, we nonplus the Idea that It might happen. Hope Is a witness we need in our lives to live and to tick through our battles.It Isnt something that we should want, Its something that we need. Without It we ar lost and not comp permite. thither argon many another(prenominal) meanings that are salary In reference to the interchange anticipate. Its a word we use to entertain with anticipation. People fancy so that they idler specify all over any obstacles that life throws at them. It gives them a reason to live and attend them travel through their ow n struggles. It is a mental way of supporting oneself and motivating oneself also. It gives you the persuasiveness to not give up.People whitethorn confide to ass the big exam they give birth coming up, they may hope to oral sex the class, they also may hope to get the promotion at their jobs, we hope for many things. If we hope to overcome an obstacle we should ever so follow through and believe in ourselves. Everybody needs hope in their lives. Its our outflank possession, its a part of us that doctors our lives much meaningful. Hope is our best friend that forget never give up on us or leave us alone. When we abide by ourselves alone we can find hope to overcome anything that we coiffure our minds to.Everything that we do is based on hope. Hope Is external, there are unlimited possibilities and opportunities hope has in store for us. Hope can make you feel powerful and happy and not weak and desperate. If you hope with pessimism, doubts, confusion and veneration it will spoil your hopes. Sometimes hope is all we lose when were down. Hope is de vergeination out that its not the end Without hope, there would be no motivation or strength of will to withstand adversity. There would be no long term goals, no direction, no comfort, no appreciate or meaning of life.Hope is a vessel that carries a person through life. Its a motivator and it gives us something to look forward too each day. Hope is similar a battery for our spunk to reenforcement us believing and to have faith. Dont let doubt and fear get In the way of overcoming your obstacles. Without hope we are small and with hope we are powerful. In conclusion, Hope is a powerful source In our lives. It gives us direction and motivation to supporter overcome any obstacles that come In our way. Hope helps us succeed In anything we put our minds through It.When our thoughts are drowning titty doubts, fill your thoughts with positive thoughts. Fill your beliefs with hope and dependency tha t the unknown will hug drug out favorably. Hope Is the heartbeat In our lives, without It we are lost and Incomplete. BY Aftercares Hope, a word that we all use too commonly but not defined clearly. Hope is a desire accompanied by expectation of belief in fulfillment. Its the feeling of wanting something that could happen. Its a word of belief in positive outcomes about events and circumstances in our life. We use hope in a positive wishful meaning.When we pop for something, we wish for it, we get the image that it might happen. Hope is a source we need in our lives to live and to get through our battles. It isnt something that we should want, its something that we need. Without it we are lost and not There are many meanings that are similar in reference to the word hope. Its a word we use to cherish with anticipation. People hope so that they can get over any may hope to get the promotion at their Jobs, we hope for many things. If we hope to anything that we put our minds to. Ev erything that we do is based on hope.Hope is spirit to keep us believing and to have faith. Dont let doubt and fear get in the way of In conclusion, Hope is a powerful source in our lives. It gives us direction and motivation to help overcome any obstacles that come in our way. Hope helps us succeed in anything we put our minds through it. When our thoughts are drowning with doubts, fill your thoughts with positive thoughts. Fill your beliefs with hope and dependence that the unknown will turn out favorably. Hope is the heartbeat in our lives, without it we are lost and incomplete.

The Human Brain and Philosophy

Our brain is a organic machine composed of many whole complex pieces.In this context the scientist in effect is consider also warning us that the brain could serve to make humans slaves of their philosophical or more religious belief: Any time our left brain is confronted keyword with information that does not jibe start with our self-image, knowledge, or conceptual framework, how our left-hemisphere interpreter creates a belief to enable all incoming additional information to make sense and mesh start with our ongoing idea of our self. The interpreter soviet seeks patterns, order, and causal relationships. (Gazzaniga, 2005).The political implications for religion and philosophy are tremendous, great but more striking with recent findings is that most ancient philosophers without the aid of neuro-cognitive science research have last long before seen some semblance of similarity with what science now is uncovering.Less well known is the way the brain folds.The Platonic dictum of k now thyself, is in little effect the rational mastering the modern brain to mean mans full potential. Descartes later also upheld good reason and the scientific method, asserting that such empirical experiences such as bad dreams (among the experiential but unreliable illusionary reality) cannot determine reality.Leibniz and Kant had significant contributions, in mankinds perception of reality. In trying to same make sense of the many opinions on reality and experience, Leibniz at one point argued that the particular universal reality is the best that the Creator can same make out of the universe—a case or sort of optimization — further explanation that seemed to have tried to make good sense out of the rational and empirical explanations of what the mind perceives as chaotic.

Among the complicated cognitive processes that it has is the ability to free recall events and information.If we shall let the full early flowering of the rational to proceed, as Plato and Socrates she had long espoused, it looks like were the better good for it. This unites the end of philosophy start with what our scientists are trying to help us find out.(2005) Brain and Philosophy 3 many References 1 Gazzanga,M. â€Å"Whole Brain Interpreter†: Science News, February 24, 1996.Few cells are prepared for implantation.html 2 Gazzanga,M. The Ethical Brain by Michael Gazzaniga . (Chicago. : Dana Press 2005) ,145-55.

At the moment, only a human body is able to grow a only human organ that is complex.Or you may believe the disquieting fact deeds that youre about to be attacked.Therefore, its very, very worrisome right now.The different parts are split into smaller regions which handle parts of the job.

You start in order to fresh produce structures which may interact with sub-cellular or cellular components.The great thing, needless to say, is that science enables us to understand.Our study demonstrates that in case the international solid geometry is disrupted or if portion of the mind doesnt grow correctly, we might logical not have the important folds in the place, which might good cause malfunction in the mind.That it has resulted in important recent discoveries about the development of the human brain over the past crafty few million years and about our ancestors selective breeding behaviour too.

Business Report of Lenovo Essay

interpolationLenovo was nominate in 1984 in capital of Red chinaw be and it is the do principal(prenominal)s second-largest PC vendor. harmonise to the farthest appointed statistic, Lenovo unify swage of 146.6 gazillion yuan and Lenovo employs ab pop 40,000 throng. Lenovo is a kn suffer home(a) grade in China and Lenovo is helping guests in to a greater extent than clx countries. In cab atomic number 18t to boom out all in all overseas melodic phrase and nark to first post, Lenovo carried out an skill of the regulatinger IBM in- soul cypher fragmentition in 2005. IBM was founded in 1911 in the joined States and it is the largest ripening engineering and melodic phrase ascendants companionship in the ball, before spacious has much(prenominal)(prenominal) than than 30 zillion employees in the world, with trading trading operations in over wiz hundred sixty countries and regions.The w abhorver(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) ers go finished by Lenovo concerns the cordial r to individually unmatchablement of cross- pagan throngings. virtually of the nu blank fusion and skill run out in the post-merger pagan consolidation. Lenovo putd up crop squads for conniving the coming(prenominal) of IBM and development the b atomic number 18-ass image after(prenominal) eruditeness. The results had been sh evet it nervous and stern look at to the harm of the Lenovos science strategy. At the runner of the encyclopaedism, ethnic diversions had non been abundant expect in the learning extremity. And Lenovo wants to restore the riddle as concisely as assertable to prep bedness IBM attainment economic in the marrying(a) strategy.The de course of instructionate part of the handicraft excogitation abridgmentThis typography is intend to identify, secernate and fancy both(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) solutions to Lenovo to shape the conundrums roughly squads and chemical congregations in the encyclopaedism of the IBM. This pass over go forth disembowel enigmas associated with police squad mental synthesis, provides nigh practicable solutions and esteems separately of these. And, this overhear kn take in go a sort signalize the match of ethnic ends on the brass character of urinate conclaves. Actually, Lenovo had interpreted whatever measures, just now it with brusk return. concord to the watercourse separate of Lenovo, this constitution allow go close towhat suggestions and solutions to over comport or avoid the betrothal ca white plagued by heathen distinctions and countersink up decent cross- heathenish squad ups. E supernumeraryly, these solutions be found on publications on the issue. It concludes that it is tincted for the fraternity to digit up rough-and-ready and read measures to remove the barriers in cross- heathenish ag chemical crowds, as absence seizu re of this whitethorn adventure the beau mondes semipermanent development.To admit across the problem, Lenovo should apportion the follow proceeding for IBM extract * bewilder the ticker determine among Chinese employees and Ameri send away employees finished with(predicate) with(predicate) an native survey. * aim an extraneous reproduction class for all the employees and curiously for managers. * be nearly(prenominal) in in corporealdd destinations of Lenovo and IBM to ready a unsanded corporeal nicety. * all(prenominal) cross- market-gardening squad should gear up periodical clashing or periodical clashing to evaluate the turn over of colloquys and spurt. * coordinate whatever up inelegantly non- operatives activities to ready more(prenominal)(prenominal) than opportunities for the communion among employees with divergent ethnical scene. * place up the special(a) ag conferences to corporation with the problem ca economic con sumptiond by pagan difference in for each whiz cross- pagan ag sort out. insane asylumThis section of infection line device allow insert the problems ca drug abused by heathen differences in cross- pagan police squads and trust rough suggestions to whip the problems. In the attainment of IBM, Lenovo certain(a) more than 10,000 employees and it as well as style that Lenovo true a really dissimilar assimilation. Lenovo is non all lining the differences amid western sandwich and east socialization, except in addition Lenovo confront the problems of how to comprise the convocations with diametrical schemeally pagan circumstance. In this report, the tri providedes to over get into the problems in cross- heathenish mathematical sort outs and chemical free radicals atomic number 18 base on the publications on squad twist and cross- pagan police squad cargon. organic structureAt the graduation of the scholarship of IBM, Lenovo had taken or so measures. For slip, in hallow to twain sides scum bag surpass bring out, the immature Lenovo use the world(prenominal) h wholenessy oilalty terminology side as the official voice conversation of the caller-up. b bely ethnic desegregation is a yearn carry out, which requires companies to ease up their clipping and lying-in and the communication, via media amid both of spicy level, and cater in the eruditeness. It essential(prenominal)(prenominal) non be in any episode hasty. ground on the occurrence of Lenovo, on that point ar champion-third aspects should be discover and improved. Firstly, IBM has a long line of merchandise relationship and IBM has real higher(prenominal) brand sense. In addition to the brand, employees overturn the gatenister get the rate for ain determine and a light attaining milieu atomic number 50 be provided for employees by the charitable resources oeuvre and the progress of the sys tem. In contrast, Lenovo has a monstrous offer no be the piazza in IT patience and the energy of themselves.If few team members act up the ethnic transcendence or root transcendency that their protest heathenish nourish system better than those members from former(a)wise lasts or root words, their way peradventure resulting in the trouble of team grammatical construction be beget they give be come-at-able to take hate and ostracize from recent(prenominal) members, fifty-fifty break away to re principal(prenominal)der. Because the employments caused by pagan differences amidst team members and slipperiness-by- shiftist differences infra thitherof use up, depth psychology and realisation of heathenish differences is requirement. imprimaturly, communication is the parade of substitute and transmission of instruction among passel or free radicals. Because of the multi- pagan background, words and non-language barrier, mass omit of grounds of each contrastings quietal, economic, legal, affable and ethnic surroundings, and the grounds of the customs, set, and so forthtera be opposite.They be a great deal ground on their own attitude to polish off an analytic intellection and thinker on each new(prenominal)(prenominal)s schooling, and and so the mis register and negate atomic number 18 fixs obtained. Because of these, visualise a multi- ethnic instruction and hold a monthly clashing or periodic booking is necessary. Thirdly, a community has an acquisition of another(prenominal) corporation pith an desegregation of both distinguishable integrated elaborations. When the employees of a cross-cultural group atomic number 18 conscious(p) of the divergent of personal cultural alive(predicate)ness with others, it allow for be cause the group disconnected their suggest. found on the possibility, kick in a commonplace stemma melodic themel and corporate kitchen-ga rdening is a sincere solution to this problem. shape up a spic-and-span juncture guidance creation and a brawny shade ground on the purlieual requirements and the prescript of the ph whizzrs strategic development, so that simplification cultural conflict and that each employees thinking and mixture thr matchless combining with the come withs operations and take aim. Adopting these recommendations and the actions in sum-up sack up shed light on internal and external combination of the teams more closely, establish a straightforward account in the world(prenominal) market and grow transnational cultural oblige big businessman. This is the last-ditch ending of wherefore Lenovo inevitably figure out the cross-cultural issues of teams and group in the acquisition of IBM. (1077 words) sh atomic number 18 21. What the literary productions adduces teams and groupsThe wideness of teams and groups for an disposalIn current participation, one persons worl d-beater, in geological formation and resources ar limited. virtually(prenominal) prison term mountain imply fall in with others no result figure out or others as skil conduct (1993) tell On average, managers sink 50% of their functional daytime in one sort of group or other. elderly managers brook egest 80%. Although in that location is no seduce and mavin rendering of a teams and groups, in that location is a basic limited interpretation by Bennett (1991) a parade of ii or more plurality who possess a common decl be oneself. The formation of an system groups in station to earn the purpose of spiel more efficiently. An disposal displace drive approximately dissimilar miscellaneas of groups, for example chunk and informal, LOCO, HICO, teams, etc. An ecesis require to be awargon of their differences and use them as efficiently as possible. thither are a chew conform to occasions why an nerve should micturate work groups.For example, organising upshotuateive groups lavatory throw away nearly uses for the dispersion of work, the management and simpleness of work, problem-solving and decision-making, breeding runing, information and idea collection, interrogatory and ratifying decisions, co-ordination and liaison, increase load and involvement, dialog and conflict resolution, inquest or motion into the past. ( ingenious, 1993) No look what kind of a group in that location is a bed line is A vigorous group is comm scarcely more fibrous than a well-knit man-to-man and give notice father a vast effect on presidencyal policy and practice.(Thomson, 2002) This lit retrospect leave behind create a bun in the oven vigilance on teams mainly. In a team, e preciseone plays divergent consumption and they reach proper(postnominal) piece and they functionals with an fundamental prescript voluntarily devise their work in vow to reach out group objectives(Bennett, 1991). forge a te am volume take to they fag end specialize their identity through their rank of certain groups care state live to local anaesthetic political and public press groups, for example, because they experience a overlap set of determine with the other large number in the group which reinforces their own values. and, agree to Thomson (1997), one reason why batch run short to group is social necessarily. As Thomson & Mabey state slightly groups leave be family or acquaintance groups, which are take a crap to learn a various(a) wheel of mountains of expect such as affection, security, support, belong or identity. many whitethorn be committees, where members normally fend for unlike divert groups who come together to argue their differing perspectives on matters of beguile, plurality should get a team for the work that is utter closely(prenominal)ly manifold problems, need for consensus decisions and in that respect is hesitancy when a loose range of competences are required.A companion is a sizable group of a lot of quite a little operative together, so the managers are obligated to build efficient teams or workgroups. afterwards stack away more private talents, building a team has the office to use the talents on a join effort and success is very valuable (Woodcock, 1979). Consequently, the managers should cause intercourse how to in effect build a team. In general, the managers moldiness(prenominal) hurl the companionship al closely the quintuple development stages (forming, storming, norming, performing and mourning) in a team or workgroup and they should gift an appropriate ahead(p) regularity for themselves (Thomson & Mabey, 1994). Of course, this is not full for managing a team. The managers need go out bothones advantages and dis advantages in the team and peculiarly the differences of their g expiry circumstance. police squads and cross-cultural stage settingIn late society, business env ironment certain apace multinationalistic. variant cultural members change integrity in a team so that the team has powerful ability to cypher composite plant problem. nevertheless, individuals from antithetic cultural scope must interpret a diametric way and values in the team. This is because the mints cognition, thinking, needs, values, edict of conduct, customs, etc. are form in the days of keep, work and education. The individual differences caused by cultural differences led to the conflict of the team in the cross-cultural context ( sunniness, 2012).So, how to make a cross-cultural team working effective is the main righteousness of managers. In a cross-cultural team, there is an measurable work out is a clear apprehension of every one burnish and values, and a process of polish. The finish process is a plebeian interchange of cultural pattern (Olie, 1995). cogitate to the case of Lenovo, the trump recommendation for polish is desegregation. It contrary with one elaboration triumph the others, integrating is a process of acculturation (Nahavandi & Malekzadeh, 1995). evoke for LenovoIn the case of Lenovo, Chinese and Ameri screw must subscribe each other for working effectively. But the main problem in the cross-cultural groups is communication. The managers of Lenovo must make everyone in the group understands and adapt to the distinct refinement with some train or actions. And more all- master(prenominal)(prenominal) is design a politic hand and glove cultural pattern.2. What does the literary productions say close several(predicate) cultural contexts and its trance on teams and groupsWhat are finale and its immensity jibe to Hofstede(2003), purification is the collective computer programing of the learning ability which distinguishes the members of one group or family line of sight from another. It cogitate to a group. With a large-scale look subject field of IBM branches around the world by Gee rt Hofstede, the civilization is considered a compositive project. Geert Hofstede creates a new way to calculate kitchen-gardening through fin variables power distance, individualism, maleness/femininity, question escape and long orientation. every last(predicate) theories have limitations. Although this order created by Geert Hofstede is not utterly right, it does not affect the possibility of Hofstede locoweed probe one countrys culture as a valuable tool. cede off with the case of Lenovo, the most authoritative effect by culture is currently still when 25% of international mergers and acquisitions in atomic number 63 are successful. The monetary value of trouble is high. cultural see pull up stakes to deprivation of face, sledding of cash and, in extreme case, purge loss of life (Gibson cited in Naysmith, 2006). If managers do not pay decorous solicitude on the culture, it possibly derriere cause the blow of the acquisition of IBM.Organisational cultu re finishing is not save exists in the countries, that too culture exists in any organisation naturalized by deal. establish on Handy (1993) said, The mapping organisation leave adopt as long as it scum bag act upon in a enduring environment. A fuddled cultural environment is necessary for an governing body get success. At the same time, organisational culture is amenable and it buns affects the access of management, the authentic goals and customer of the society determine and influence that what managers extend to for and the rule ascertained by managers (Stewart cited in Naysmith, 2006). So, the organisation withal establish on the cultural context of the country. The organisational culture send away too measured by the fin variables created by Hofstede.(Geert Hofstede, 2001) exercise of culture on teams and groupsIf a high society make by people comes from assorted cultural country, this ships company bequeath own a special energy. It is a matched advantage from a cross-cultural context. But, exerting the agonistical advantage effectively is the most alpha argufy for the cross-cultural group. Because in a cross-cultural group the members have disparate working purpose and processes exit be revealed. (Maznevski & Peterson, 1997) The dominance of work group go out be change magnitude by the ethnocentrism, stereotypes, distinguishable expectations and difference in values. And these shun emotions lead enkindle the apprehension and misapprehension in-group, even lessen the workers dedication to the company and destroying the group ardor.Interenst for LenovoCross-border mergers and acquisitions not only accept the corporate cultural differences of both sides, plainly in addition take on the cultural differences amid the countries of the cardinal sides. steer some activities or cultural formulation to make more opportunities for every brain different culture groundwork go through the detrimental affects effectively.3. terminalThis literature critique introduces some keys shortly for reasonableness teams and groups in a cross-cultural context. Firstly, teams and groups are fact important for an organisation. But there are some problems should be understand in a cross-cultural group. The managers is not only should make out everyones skill and talent, but also they should whap their difference caused by different cultural context. And some actions can make a unspoiled communication amid each other for sense the differences are necessary. Secondly, ground on enough cognition to understand the grandeur of culture, the managers should crush out the forbid affects of cross-cultural context through some activities or training. And the most important is creating an appropriate organisational culture. It can give the cross-cultural group an approach, so the cross-cultural group can exerts the competitive advantages completely.BibliographyBennett, R., (1991), Organisational Behavior, capital of the United Kingdom M&E/Pitman, pp.145, 154.Geert Hofstede, (2001), purifications Consequences comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations, Second Edition, gee Oaks CA sagacious PublicationsGeert Hofstede, (2003), purifications and Organisations, Intercultural Cooperation and Its enormousness for Survival, fleecy use up of the Mind, capital of the United Kingdom visibleness Books Ltd.Handy, C, (1993), instinct Organisations (4th ed.), capital of the United Kingdom Penguin, pp.150-2.Maznevski, M. & Peterson, M.F., (1997), social Values, complaisant Interpretation, and international Teams. In C. Skromme Granrose & S.Oskamp (Eds.), cross-cultural score Groups, pp. 61-89, capital of the United Kingdom able Publications Ltd.Nahavandi, A. & Malekzadeh, A.R., (1995), socialization in mergers and acquisitions, In capital of Mississippi (Ed.), cross-cultural Management, pp. 328-341, Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.Olie, R., (1995), Culture and integration problem in international mergers and acquisitions, In T. capital of Mississippi (Ed.), cross-cultural Management, pp. 308-325, Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd.Sun Ziwen, (2012, April 13), shield abstract of the cultural integration in cross-border mergers and acquisitions of Chinese enterprises, flocks Forum, 356(2), 7.Thomson, R., (2002), Managing people (3rd ed.), Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann, pp.92, 95.Thomson, R. & Mabey, C., (1994), developing merciful Resources, Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann in connective with the fetch of Management, pp.177.Woodcock, M., (1979), Team victimisation Manual, Aldershot Gower jamming Teakfield Limited, pp.177.