Job Costing and Batch Costing Methods

Job Costing and surge Costing MethodsThere are various types of duty in the world now. Each and every pedigree has to choose a particular method to ascertaining the personifys are available in the business. Simply costing methods is a method of collecting cost. As in the diagram 1.1 costing methods are drifting apart.Specific Order Costing is the basic costing method. This method is suitable to those businesses where the work consists of sepa arrayly identifiable of contracts, undertakings or luckes.1.2 DefinitionJob Costing MethodThis is angiotensin-converting enzyme of the methods that we analyze the cost of the return line. If we identify the word job in here we flush toilet say that it as a small work or group of small activities in any end product.This establishment considers job as a cost building block which contains a fillet of sole order, individual project or contract. This is an isolation of the entire time, material and costs to a sole order or job. This caus e for gathering and blanket on the expenses and income connect with particular projects or job. Some clients will not order the all product, but they will just order for getting mandatory job. Hence it is essential to discover out that job orders disbursal throughout this method.Batch Costing methodThis is a modified type of job costing. Batch costing method is using by companies whose products are simply recognized by batches. In here batch of identifiable products are concern as a sole job among unit price. Simply this is a method whereby recognize units produced are concerned as a sole unit and the measuring rod of expenditure is allocated to the entire of that batch as an alternative of each unit. This used in ready-made garments, factories, industries, etc.SimilaritiesActually they are lot of similarities between job costing and batch costing because batch costing is a modified form of job costing.The costing method fashion the system they are future(a) to count the cost in batch costing is similar to the job costing apart from a one point of leaving. Because in here batch has been set in as the cost unit as a replacement of a job. Simply the both are using the equal expenditure build up system.From both methods we can ascertain costs which business needs.The both systems are dealing with holding within a contract cost by book keeping method.Both Methods are makes use of appraised expenditure data as the base for necessary order price quotations.DifferencesThe main difference is the way how the business is ope aimd. Think like some company is setting up costing for general supplier. For this in job costing the business is operated one job at a time thus it creates more sense rather than batch costing. Batch costing would use various goods to be interchange to a number of distributors by using a producing facility.In job order costing each manufactured goods is manufactured according to job requirement, for the customer demand. But in batch costing it is a mass production.When we talking intimately the production requirements they also act in different ways. In job costing production requirement for each production is matchless and unique. But in batch costing every one of units has similar common features for the production requirements.And there is a differentiation about the measure of output. In job costing as it name seems it is used for a job (sole) but in batch costing transacts with a measure of identical manufactured production units. In job costing the entire expenditure awaitd are concerned as the expenditure of sole unit. For batch costing, they divided the entire expenditure from the quantity of products unites have produced.In job costing it covers up all improve and changeable expenditures for producing a batch but in job costing they include by keeping an account of direct costs and indirect costs.In job costing perform job is treated as a cost unit however under the batch costing a show of equal units whi ch contains in the batch can be treated as a cost unit.Job costing is using by Furniture making, produce etc but batch costing is using by garments and drug industries.In batch costing they using a divide cost sheet means separate sheets for each batch by numbering but in job costing each job is treated as a sole job work.ExamplesJob costingSuch as hardware, ship-building, engineering industries are using this method.Example No- 01Tom and Jerry Engineering Company has accomplished all the working in hand on 28th November 2011 which they absorbed on job work. But it was apart from job no. 112. Direct material of $ 50,000 and direct work cost of $ 40,000 was showed in the cost sheet on 28th November 2011 individually as having being carried on job no. 112. Until 28th November 2011, the cost was carried by the business. As following it was the accounting year for the last date.It is using by the industries which manufactures products as batches. Ready-made garments, drug industries and some of the companies which are producing electronic parts of computing machine and etc are using this method as their costing system.Example No- 01As to the records of Lion King ready-made garment, one customer orders 300 unites of batch. Following expound are for 100 units. Calculate selling price for 300 unites.Time-Rate Method and Piece-Rate Method2.1 DefinitionsRemuneration means motivating people by giving a financial reward to them gain for their work. Simply we can say it is the types of the hire plans. It is an agreement between labours and employers in an organization. Hence it is more important section in an organization. There are two categories in hereTime Rate PlanThis is a simplest and of course the oldest type of wages plans. In here the wages are paid on the basis on time which a single histrion corporate to complete the producing a single article. Simply we can say in time rate plan is employers are salaried for the total time they have spend at employment work. This can be calculating in man hours or man minutes or else on daily weekly or monthly. The following grammatical construction is using to calculate this method.Gross Payment = the total time worked - Rate per the time(Hours/ Minutes) (Per hour/ per minute)Piece Rate PlanThis is also identified as piece work, surgical procedure related pay. This is depending on the total quantity of the outputs which the employer has produced. In here the worker means employer is paid a fixed payment for every single unit of production regardless of the time. Simply we can say it pays for the result thus people say this as payment by result system. From this method business can have a better output and also they can make sure that employees are salaried for the sum of work they do. The following formula is used for this method.Straight Unit Work = Quantity of good units - Rate for a singleProduced Piece2.2 SimilaritiesThe both systems are simple to understand and it is blowzy to calculate a lso. Hence we can say both systems are simplicity methods.And also the both methods are economical.Both methods are preferred and accepted by deal unions.Both ways workers are having a financial statement thus worker is fulfilled.After having the financial reward they automatically become do by both systems.2.3 DifferencesFirst of all we can say both having different meanings. As I mentioned earlier time rate is a system based on time which workers work and piece rate is a method base on the products which workers create.In piece rate system it pays the worker following to the quantity of good products which they have produce regardless of time. But in time rate it pays the workers following for the time that they have spent to product the outputs.Time rate plan provide an accentuation on huge amount of outputs nevertheless piece rate plan accentuation on tone of output.Through piece rate system it discrimination the employer and pays extra gross wage to good workers. But in time rate it pays both skilled and unskilled workers same wages.Piece rate system need a strike supervisor to check the quality of the out puts but time rate system does not need it. Hence for piece rate plan business need to cost a extra amount for maintenance.When we talking about the ascertainment of labour cost, in piece rate plan it supports o fix per piece labour cost in advance but time rate plan does not support for this.

Past present and predicted future of India

Past present and predicted future of IndiaThe Republic of India has a universe of 1.2 billion according to the survey done in 2009. It covers an area of 3.1 million sq km. The major languages spoken there are Hindi, English and 16 other prescribed languages. It is a nation of diverse religions Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. The Monetary unit used there is the Indian Rupee (INR) = 100 paisa. The major export domains are agriculture products, framework goods, gems and jewellery, software services and technology, engineering goods, chemicals, leather products. The Gross National Income (GNI) per capita income in regards with the World Bank narrative, 2008 was US$ 1070.It has the worlds largest democracy and succor most populous sphere emerged as a major power in 1990s. India is highly diverse with its many languages, cultures and religion. A land of ancient civilisation, which unfolds its history dated as first as 1000 BC. Witnessing the creation and the demolition empires and kingdoms. It gained its independence on 15th August 1947. Thereafter, not looking back at what is left but what is there to make. After independence, the economical condition of the country was very poor. It addressed its economic crisis along with a combination of socialist planning and devoid enterprise. During the 1950s and 1960 the regime focused on the Green Revolution thereby providing irrigation facilities combined with land redistribution schemes. India as well as focused on the education system by building infrastructures for schools colleges and universities thereby applied research facilities that trained one of the worlds largest scientific and technical establishments.It has a powerful economy with is growing at a rapid pace. Religion, regional and ethnical diversities exist against a background of poverty. This reflects in t he federal political system, whereby power is shared between the central government and the 28 states.India wa s under(a) the social democratic-based policies till the family 1991 when it opened its doors to liberalisation. Two factors facilitated the emergence of labialisation phase. First were industrialist themselves who were beginning to find the government controls very strict and second was the export consummation from overseas workers in the middle east which led to a comfortable level of foreign exchange reserves. This policy opened the doors to international care and investitures. The master(prenominal) motive behind the transformation and the deregulation of earlier practices was to replace the social democratic polices with capitalism so that there would be a high economic offshoot which would in turn increase the industrial payoff for the wellbeing of Indian citizens.Before the year 1991, the government had closed the Indian economy to the away world. The Indian rupee was inconvertible and the high licensing fee pr make upted the foreign goods from entering the country. The countrys balance of payment crises in 1991 brought the country near bankruptcy. The International Monetary line of descent (IMF) was bailed out in exchange for gold transferred to London as collateral. The Indian economy was at its worst and needed a reform. The Indian Government started to tease apart the controls and the tariffs, duties and taxes were razeed. The country opened its doors to dispense and investment. Privatisation was also encouraged and Globalisation was embraced slowly.Post the liberalisation, India progressed in areas like foreign investments, reforming the capital markets, deregulation of domestic business and reforming the trade market. In the year 1993 the National Stock Exchange was introduced. They remained at the forefront of modernisation of Indias capital and financial market. The share of consumer goods reconstructd in India increased from 50.6% in 1990 to 72.5% during the five year trial period. The share of labour intensive exports in replete (p) manufactured exports increased from 13% to 34%. The share of High tech exports increased from 13% to 31%. The proportion of capital goods in total manufacturing imports increased from 26% to 61%. India increased their share of total exports.An overall nub in an increase in the trade was evident however there was no change in the Gross domestic product which still keep at 5.7%. The prices for food, beverage, tobacco animal, machinery and transport equipment fell marginally. The Indian companies suffered huge loss and competition from the foreign market. Quoting an example of the Ludhiana Knitwear company which specialised in garment manufacture suffered a loss of 21%.However, there was a lack of growth in the industrial sector which was earlier at 6.8% compared t 6.4%. India was now a market based economy.A revival of economic reforms and better economic policy in 2000s accelerated Indias economic growth rate. Indias Population had touched 1,028,610,328 and the growth rate of 2 .11%. The whole nations economic infrastructure was undergoing stress. However the people below the poverty line percentage had drastically improved owing to the different render and self employment schemes introduced by the government. Stress was being laid on rural development as 70% of the Indian population were still aliment in villages. India was ranked poop in terms of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) IN 2001. The Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows increased by 65% as compared to the previous year, where are the Global FDI during that time had decreased by 40%. This was definitely an encouraging factor for the country. As quoted in the world investment prospect 2002 report, there was an annual Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow of US$ 5.3 billion from 2002 until 2006.During the year 2005 2006 the overall production growth was 8.3% which was marginally lower than that of the previous year. Manufacturing speed had increased. Growth in the capital goods sector was there by 3 percentage higher than 2005. This was the time when sectors like the cotton textile, base metals, transport, food products, jute and other fibber textiles, manmade textiles and rubber growth rate increased marginally. Exports were at an increase of 16.19% from the previous year however the oil import showed a sharp rise of 63%. The total Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) accounted for a $ 8472 million. This also impacted the foreign exchange reserve by a cling of 3.4%. The Indian rupee held the same value against the US$ but weakened its position against the Euro by 0.47%.Sharing direct trade links with the United Nations India as well was affected because of recession. The export percentage went down almost by a quarter. Unemployment increased as the companys started to lay of their employees to cut down on the expenses. The textile and the avocation labor were the worst affected. Figures reported from the FIEO (Federation of Indian export organisation) also happen uponed that the Tourist inflow had gone down by 37%.The year 2009 saw a decrease in the growth rate by 6.8% as well as the return of a large projected fiscal deficit of 6.8% of gross domestic product which would be highest among the worlds.According to the recent reports provide over an year, India has been ranked as the eleventh largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and the fourth largest purchasing power party. The strong economic reforms adopted in the early 1990s proved to be good for the countrys fast paced economy and a free market activity for international competition and foreign investment. India is growing at a rapid pace and will soon emerge as a strong economic power with huge human and natural resources with skilled and experienced individuals. Today India is characterised as mainly a market economy.Indias service industry accounts for a total of 55% of the country Gross Domestic Product (GDP) while the industrial and the agricultural sector contribute to about 28% and 17% of the Gross domestic Product (GDP) respectively. Agriculture till date is the most predominant occupation of India and accounts for a total of 52% of the employment alone. The service sector accounts for another 34% of the employment hold and is followed by the industrial sector with a percentage of 14% of the employment. The labour force collectively holds half a million workers. In the agricultural field the major production is that of wheat, rice, oilseed, cotton, juice, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goat, poultry and fish. In the industries consists of other subdivisions such as telecommunication, textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation, equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, information technology enabled services and softwares.As discussed previously the per capita income of India according to the World Bank report of 2008, is US$ 1,030 and is ranked on 139th position in the world. However its per capital production (PPP) is ranked 128th in the world at US$ 2,940. This shows that the trade had increased in a very short span of time which can be estimated roughly at 20 years time frame as India earlier was a closed economy. A total of 2% of the world trade has been recorded by the World Trade Organisation and Indias total merchandise is estimated at a total value of US$ 294 in the year 2006 and Indias total service trade inclusive of both import and export was estimated at US$ 143 billion. Thus, a collective total of US$ 437 billion in the year 2007 in comparison to the year 2004 at a total of US$ 253 billion. There has been a remarkable growth of 72% in this context. There has been a more evident increase in the GDP share by 24% in comparison to a minor share of 6% in the early 1990sThe year 2009 when the entire world was still in the midst of the recession crises, India was able to escape the condition of extreme poverty even though the major trade links were with the United Nations. India rec orded its highest GDP of 9% in the year 2007. This was the effect of liberalisation and its height. India now stands on the second position after china after having labelled itself as the fastest growing economy. In a report by an Organisation for Economic Co-operation and victimization (OECD), it states that the average growth rates of 7.5 % will double the average income in a decade. The inclusion of a few more reforms would accelerate the pace. In regards to China who liberated its economy in the year 1978, India is still at a slow pace and needs to continue liberalisation for the betterment of the country. Also reports reveal that provide all the obstacles in the path of liberalisation are removed, India would grow at a pace 10% higher than that of China.According to a report by the CIA World Fact book, it states that India escaped the brunt of global financial crisis because of the cautious banking policies and a relatively low dependence on export of growth. The domestic dem and, impelled by the purchases of consumer durables and auto (SOURCES, 2010) mobiles, has emerged as the key driver of the economy, as exports have fallen ever since the global crisis has started. Indias fiscal deficit increased advantageously in 2008 due to fuel and fertilizer subsidies, a dept waiver program for farmer, a job guarantee program for rural workers and stimulus expenditure.Economists have also predicted that by the year 2020, India will be among the largest economies of the world. The Indian government has already declared their commitment to the fiscal stimulus and the deficit reduction in the nigh two years. The government has also proposed the privatisation of some of the public industries owned by the government. The government has also forecasted the expenses for the necessary equipment and resources required for the removal of long term challenges which intromit inadequate physical and social infrastructure to carry out the necessary reforms. The only challe nge that the Indian Economy will have to face in due course of time is the huge and growing population and their fundamental, social and environmental problems.

Slavery position with writers :: essays research papers

The issue of slavery in the nineteenth century produced an overwhelming issue in society. at that place were some writers that favored slavery and then there were some that did not favor slavery. In favor of slavery were William Gillmore Simms, and Caroline Hentz. Those opposed to slavery were Frederick Douglass, Harriet Beecher Stowe, total heat David Thoreau, and Herman Melville. All of these writers presented their views of slavery in the their literary works.William Simms was a supporter of slavery and this evident in his novel, Woodcraft. This novel takes place in the south during the closing of the revolutionist War. Simms was born in Charleston, South Carolina, so he was raised on the souths position of pro-slavery. In Simms novel Woodcraft, he states, Exhaustion not wisdom, or a better state of feeling, was the secret of the peace which was finally concluded between the two nations (America and Great Britain), and of which, South Carolina, and Charleston in particular, w as eagerly expecting the benefits. (Simms 35) Great Britain had dog-tired most of the Revolutionary War occupying Charleston and the soldiers would stay at the peoples home with out the homeowners consent. This angered many townspeople in Charleston and many some other townspeople throughout the south. Since the war was coming to an end the people of Charleston could have their city and homes again. Also meaning plantation owners and slaver owners could resume tolerate to their work of the land, which was the major source of economy in the south. During the Revolutionary War, Great Britain was re-stealing the slaves of slave owners in the south. In Woodcraft, it is stated, South Carolina had already lost twenty-five cardinal slaves, which British philanthropy had transferred from the rice-fields of Carolina to the saccharide estates of the West India Islands and there were yet other thousands waiting to be similarly transported. (Simms 35,36) Great Britain was taking slaves fr om America to use for their sugar estates. Many slave owners were very angry with the British for this, but in hindsight the slave owners had done the same thing when they would take slaves from their families or would split slaves families up. Carolina Hentz was as well as a supporter of slavery. She believed that the slaves were treated well and that they were best suited as slaves. Hentz uses examples in her novel, The Planters Northern Bride, as to how well treated slaves were.

The Truth Behind Coffee Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Truth Behind Coffee The picture may seem familiar. Tumbling out of bed and stumbling close to in the kitchen-you begin your day. But wait. It cannot begin by rights without that daily ritual, the morning cup of drinking chocolate. The aroma swirls throughout the room. What can comp atomic number 18 to the richness and fullness of that first base cup of hot chocolate bean? Americans lead the world in coffee drinking, consuming an average of 3.4 cups per person per day (Pennybacker 18). Gourmet coffee houses are sprouting up all over the place. But what is the real point behind this dark brown liquid? Is it as innocent as it first seems-just a enjoyable morning pick-me-up? Unfortunately it isnt. Much of todays coffee is grown in such a way that it damages the environment, although it has been proven that there are utmost less harmful methods. Coffee grows only in the tropics, in Mexico, Central and Latin America, Ind wizsia, and Africa. The field must be at an altitude between 3000 and 5000 feet with a temperature between 65 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit. For optimum growth, coffee must have shade from nearby trees and overhead growth, but it also requires at least ii hours of sunlight each day (Shrinking Shadowland 60). These are the only requirements nececssary for coffee to grow well. Coffee comes from small green beans that are really pits of a take resembling a cherry. The morning coffee poured into a sea gull comes from a small tree (or bush) that grew for seven years before it bloomed and grew the fruit that held the beans. After one of these trees produced one pound of coffee, its life was over (Shrinking 61). It was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that coffee seeds from the Middle East took to the fertile soil of... ...n one percent of the 6.3 gazillion pounds of coffee imported into the U.S. each year (Pennybacker 19). The merits of full-sun coffee plantations dont even begin to measure up to the benefits of shade planta tions. Shade plantations benefit both the workers and the environment. The few special(a) dollars paid for organic coffee might ramp up the difference between seeing that black-throated green warbler in your yard again next spring or not. Works Cited Pennybacker, Mindy. Habitat-Saving Habit. Audubon Nov./Dec. 1997 18-19. Shrinking Shadowland. Utne Reader. Nov/Dec. 1994 72. Why Migratory Birds are Crazy for Coffee. Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. 1997. Smithsonian Institution. 24 April 2000 <http//www.si.edu/smbc/fxshts/fxsht1a.htm>. Wille, Chris. The Birds and the Beans. Audubon Nov./Dec. 1994 58-64. The Truth Behind Coffee Essay -- Argumentative convincing TopicsThe Truth Behind Coffee The picture may seem familiar. Tumbling out of bed and stumbling around in the kitchen-you begin your day. But wait. It cannot begin properly without that daily ritual, the morning cup of coffee. The aroma swirls throughout the room. What can compare to the richness and fullness of that first cup of coffee? Americans lead the world in coffee drinking, consuming an average of 3.4 cups per person per day (Pennybacker 18). Gourmet coffee houses are sprouting up all over the place. But what is the real story behind this dark brown liquid? Is it as innocent as it first seems-just a pleasant morning pick-me-up? Unfortunately it isnt. Much of todays coffee is grown in such a way that it damages the environment, although it has been proven that there are far less harmful methods. Coffee grows only in the tropics, in Mexico, Central and Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa. The field must be at an altitude between 3000 and 5000 feet with a temperature between 65 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit. For optimum growth, coffee must have shade from nearby trees and overhead growth, but it also requires at least two hours of sunlight each day (Shrinking Shadowland 60). These are the only requirements nececssary for coffee to grow well. Coffee comes from small gree n beans that are really pits of a fruit resembling a cherry. The morning coffee poured into a mug comes from a small tree (or bush) that grew for seven years before it bloomed and grew the fruit that held the beans. After one of these trees produced one pound of coffee, its life was over (Shrinking 61). It was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that coffee seeds from the Middle East took to the fertile soil of... ...n one percent of the 6.3 billion pounds of coffee imported into the U.S. each year (Pennybacker 19). The merits of full-sun coffee plantations dont even begin to measure up to the benefits of shade plantations. Shade plantations benefit both the workers and the environment. The few extra dollars paid for organic coffee might make the difference between seeing that black-throated green warbler in your yard again next spring or not. Works Cited Pennybacker, Mindy. Habitat-Saving Habit. Audubon Nov./Dec. 1997 18-19. Shrinking Shadowland. Utne Reader. Nov/Dec. 1994 72. Why Migratory Birds Are Crazy for Coffee. Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. 1997. Smithsonian Institution. 24 April 2000 <http//www.si.edu/smbc/fxshts/fxsht1a.htm>. Wille, Chris. The Birds and the Beans. Audubon Nov./Dec. 1994 58-64.

Death of a Salesman :: essays research papers

My Fathers Dream and My RealityThe bond between a son and his father is one that should sustain the test of time. I have looked up to my father for the majority of my life and hes beliefs of life have influenced the mood I grew up to be the man I am today. However in the end, a true man will follow his own dreams and shoot his own future.My dream was working with my hands in the outdoors. It has taken many years but I now knew that was what I wanted to do with my life. My father, Willy Loman, I believe shared this same passion, however, he suppressed his dreams as it did not fit in with is predetermined mould for a beloved salesman. So, it then became my fathers dream to work in sales and be well-liked. This is what my father had implanted into me from a young age. Now returning home after cardinal years of trying to find myself, we still had money to pay off on the refrigerator and the mortgage on the house still needed to be paid. These pending debts, like daggers ripping throu gh my dreams, forced me suppress my own dreams and now seek the stable career of a salesman. I had once worked as a salesman for Bill Oliver so I decided to go to him in order to find a job. Bill Olivers office was finely supply and had a wafting smell of cologne. The waiting room walls seemed to tower down upon me somehow mocking me. As with each hour that went by the walls seem to become big and I become smaller. Sitting in that room waiting hour after hour for Bill Oliver made me think about why I was there and what I was doing. After much deliberation I concluded I was never a salesman for him, I was just a shipping clerk. I had talked my self up so much that I had turned my dishonesty to what I believed to be true. I had blurred the line between illusion and candor foolishly thinking everyone else would follow. I questioned myself why this was so. The answer to my question lied somewhere in the foundations of my past. Throughout my life I have been filled with extensive ide as and aspirations but nothing has ever become of them. I am a failure.

Children and Eating Disorders Essays -- Anorexia Bulimia Weight Essays

Children and Eating DisordersIn the past few decades researchers commit focus on have disorders, the causes of these disorders and how they can be treated. However, it has mainly been in the last decade that researchers have started looking at eating disorders in children, the reasons why these disorders are developing at such a young age, and the best recovery program for these young people. To understand this growing problem it is necessary to ask a few important questionsIs there a relationship between family context and parental input and eating disorders? What effect do mothers who suffer or have suffered from an eating disorder have on their children and specifically their daughters eating patterns? What is the best way to treat children with eating disorders?TYPES OF CHILDHOOD EATING DISORDERSIn an article counseling on an overall description of eating disorders in children, by Bryant-Waugh and Lask (1995), they claim that in puerility there appears to be some variants on the two about common eating disorders found in adults, anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. These disorders include selective eating, diet avoidance emotional disorder, and pervasive refusal syndrome. Because so many of the children do non fit all of the requirements for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorder not otherwise specified, they created a general definition which includes all eating disorders, a disorder of childhood in which there is an excessive preoccupation with weight or shape, and/or food intake, and accompanied by grossly inadequate, irregular or chaotic food intake (Byant-Waugh and Lask, 1995). Furthermore they created a more practical diagnostic criteria for childhood onset anorexia nervosa as (a)... ... and Allied Disciplines 36 (3), 191-202. Edmunds H., Hill AJ. (1999). Dieting and the family context of eating in youngadolescent children. world-wide Jounal of Eating Disorders 25(4), 435-40. Kreipe RE. (1995). Eating disorders among childre n and adolescents. Pediatrics in Review, 16(10), 370-9. Lunt P., Carosella N., Yager J. (1989) Daughters whose mothers have anorexia nervosaa pilot study of three adolescents. Psychiatric Medicine, 7(3), 101-10. Marchi M., Cohen P. (1990). first childhood eating behaviors and adolescent eating disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,29(1), 112-7. Smolak L., Levine MP., Schermer R. (1999). Parental input and weight concerns among elementary school children. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 25(3), 263-71.

My Lai :: essays research papers

The My Lai MassacreAnd Its Psychological Effects     The objective of the American military mission in March of 1968 was clear, search and destroy My Lai. Throughout human history, millions of people have been exterminated at the hands of their fellow man. It would be great to imagine that the perpetrators fuck these crimes be crazy, sadistic, and terrible people, but to the contrary these people are usually normal men and women. The question we must then ask ourselves is, how can we, as a race, commit such vulgar crimes against our own kind? The story of the My Lai incident portrays the insanity and thepsychological effects that a given situation had on once normal men.     It wasnt clear what to do with any civilians who might be encountered at My Lai, on March 16, 1968. On this day Captain Ernest Medina ordered Charlie Company, a unit of the US Eleventh Light Infantry Brigade, into combat. After Medinas orders 150 men led by Lt. William C alley raided the village and four hours later over five hundred civilians were on the spur of the moment. These civilians consisted of elderly people, children, and women. Almost all of these people were unarmed, three weapons were confiscated in all. In addition, no enemy soldiers were found in the village. Only one U.S. soldier was a casualty in the incident, as a result of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the foot. The scenes from this tragic event were unimaginable. Limbs were amputated, men were crying, people not fully dead were scattered all over, two little girls were shot in the face and Calley was screaming "kill nam, kill nam...".      What could actually make men behave this authority? What kind of mentality were these men in? Not only did these men murder women and children and babies, but it was also thought that some were looking for women to rape. We can basic look at the interesting and sometimes appalling consequences of obedience. The men making up Charlie Company performed the vile acts they did as a result of their duties and obligations to the military. There are several identifiable explanations as to why individuals are more often than not inclined to obey authority. First, when acts are authorized it normally relieves the perpetrator from sprightliness guilty for his offensive actions. By shoving the responsibility away and placing it on the authorizer of the command, a person does not feel as compelled to reject the command, and can therefor fulfill his or her orders.